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Friday, March 01, 2013

BRAIN: HBP EUROPEAN VERSUS THE AMERICAN BAM



The European Union (EU), competes with USA in many areas, among them in science and technology. While the ESA (European Space Agency), confronts  American NASA exploration of Mars, the American Curiosity robot showed maximum technique and efficiency: a quasi extension of human hands and eyes. On the other hand, although the european Large Hadron Collider (LHC), discovered the bosson of Higgs, the truth is that a year earlier,  American Tevatron (smaller collider), had a clear statistical sketch of the presence of such boson. LHC, apart from being very expensive, is subjected to constant repairs because of high energies developed that end up damaging its structure, forcing it to closures for spaces greater than one year. Although Europe is moving, it seems to lack the efficiency and American expertise. Now the EU confronts its Human Brain Project: HBP (1.3 billion euros to build a silicon brain based brain in the next 10 years), against American Brain Activity Map: BAM (Functional Map of human brain circuits).


The goals of European BPH are building an integrated system of 6 research ICT platforms (Information and Communication Technology), in order to provide neuroscientists, medical researchers and technologists access to innovative tools and services that could change or accelerate brain research: a) A Neuroinformatics Data Platform that will bring knowledge from worldwide neuroscientists, the same that will be made available to the entire scientific community b) A Brain Simulation platform, to integrate the information into unified models of computation, identifying missing data, allowing experiments in silicon. c) A platform of high performance computing technology to provide interactive supercomputing simulations and intensive data modeling. d) a Medical Informatics platform, to feed physicians with worldwide clinical research providing them mathematical tools that will help to find biological signs of brain diseases. e) a Computing Neuromorphic platform that will move brain models to a new class of devices subjecting them to brain applications tests. f) A Neurorobotic Platform, which will enable researchers from industry and neuroscience experiment with virtual robots controlled by brain models developed in the project.


We are concerned about the approach of the European BPH. May pass 10 years with little relevant information extracted. A basic scientific and philosophical problem, when we are dealing with artificial brains (European case), is whether brain models and robots bodies to be mobilized, can be created separately. Create an isolated robotic or virtual brain to mimic brain human functions, is a mistake. An artificial brain has to be created simultaneously with his robotic body being the brain the pilot from the beginning. Ontologically, the human body was created shortly before the brain. Food functions, warning and safety directed -by necessity- the construction of elementaries pilots or monitors (brains), to coordinate and facilitate somatic functions. First there were few neurons. Later, a tangle of them formed a rudimentary brain to direct digestive functions. Finally, the soma and senses (vision, taste, touch, hearing, smell), ended up creating the modern human brain. Only the above approach will enable step by step the building of a massive and complex information processing hierarchies of different levels with highly integrated, covering the whole brain.

An ideal experiment to test some ideas put forward in the previous paragraph is to make neuroprostethic artificial connections between brain  neurons of a paraplegic human with cord neurons from other human in a vegetative state (coma vigil), pending the brain of the paraplegic adapt, order and regulate the functioning of the vegetative body.

To make matters worse, the HBP is controversial because of the enormous computational effort required to simulate a human brain and secondly because no one knows if the intended modeling of nerve cells contain all the details for mapping brain processes.


In contrast, the BAP project (mapping brain functions), appear more realistic. Backed by Obama this project proposes a 15-year effort to map the functions of human brain circuits employing complex magnetic resonance imaging in combination with nanosensors, probes of optical fiber to be implanted in the brain and genetically engineered cells into brain cells together to record their activity. At first be used mice, then primates and after it humans when they arrives to clinical research phases.


The positive is that both projects are eager to design new strategies against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, autism, schizophrenia. It's also about profitability. According to Obama the Human Genome Project generated 140 dollars for every dollar invested. New materials will be designed to make batteries 10 times more powerful, new drugs will be created to regenerate damaged organs, molecular size sensors, brain processes will become visible without interfering with their functions, will be established a process for storage (memory), using molecules DNA, generators of a binary code.


The project will invest U.S. $ 3 billion over 10 years, with the support of Google, Microsoft, Qualcomm, leading institutes: National Science Foundation, NIH, private foundations, and hundreds of neuroscientists, developing therapies for mental illness and advances in artificial intelligence.


Neuroscientists and BAP Project nanotechnologists believe that current technologies can observe and have the power for a better understanding of the brain, modeling a complete map of brain activity, with the help of fleets of molecular sizes that will act as molecular size measurement sensors and storage cerebral activity at cellular level using synthetic DNA. To capture and analyze the vast data flows of the project, scientists think set up brain observatories, like astronomical observatories.

CEREBRO: HBP EUROPEO VERSUS EL BAM AMERICANO


La Unión Europea (UE), compite con USA en muchas areas, dentro de ellas en ciencia y tecnología. Si bien la ESA (Agencia Espacial Europea), confronta a la NASA americana en la exploración de Marte, el Curiosity americano evidencia máxima técnica y eficiencia : una cuasi extensión de ojos y manos humanas. De otro lado, si bien el Large Hadron Collider (LHC), europeo descubrió el bosson de Higgs, lo cierto es que un año antes, el Tevatron americano (un colisionador mas pequeño), ya tenia un claro bosquejo estadístico de la presencia del boson. El LHC, aparte de ser muy caro, es sometido a reparaciones constantes a causa de las altas energias desarrolladas que terminan dañando su estructura, obligándola a cierrapuertas por espacios mayores a un año. Aunque Europa avanza, da la impresión de carecer de la eficiencia y expertise americano. Ahora la UE confronta su Human Brain Project :HBP (1,3 billones de euros para construir un cerebro de sílice en los siguientes 10 años), contra el Brain Activity Map americano :BAM (Mapa funcional de circuitos cerebrales humanos).


Los objetivos del HBP europeo son construir un sistema integrado de 6 plataformas de investigacion ICT (Information and Communication Technology), para proporcionar a neurocientificos, investigadores medicos y tecnologos acceso a herramientas y servicios innovadores que podrian cambiar o acelerar la investigacion : a) Una plataforma Neuroinformatica que traera datos y conocimientos neurocientificos de todo el mundo, los mismos que seran puestos a disposicion de toda la comunidad cientifica b) Una plataforma de Simulacion Cerebral, que integrara la informacion en modelos unificados de computacion, identificando datos perdidos, permitiendo experimentos en silice. c) Una plataforma de computacion de Alta Performance que proveera de tecnologia interactiva de supercomputacion a neurocientificos para realizar simulaciones e intensas modelaciones de datos. d) Una plataforma de Informatica Medica, que alimentara a investigadores medicos con datos clinicos de todo el mundo, proporcionandoles herramientas matematicas que ayudaran a buscar signos biologicos de enfermedades cerebrales. e) Una Plataforma de Computacion Neuromorfica, que trasladara modelos cerebrales a una nueva clase de dispositivos cerebrales sometiendolos a tests aplicativos. f) Una Plataforma Neurorobotica, que permitira a investigadores de la industria y neurociencia experimentar con robots virtuales controlados por modelos cerebrales desarrollados en el proyecto.

Nos preocupa el enfoque del HBP europeo. Podrian transcurrir 10 años extrayendose poca informacion relevante. Un problema basico cientifico-filosofico, cuando hablamos de cerebros artificiales (el caso europeo), es definir si los modelos cerebrales y los cuerpos de los robots a ser movilizados, pueden ser creados separadamente. Para nosotros crear un cerebro aislado para imitar funciones y particularidads humanas, es un error. Un cerebro artificial debe ser creado en simultaneo con su cuerpo robotico del que debe ser el piloto desde el inicio. Ontologicamente, el soma humano fue creado poco antes que el cerebro. Las funciones alimenticias, de alerta y seguridad dirigieron -por necesidad- la contruccion de pilotos o monitores (cerebros), elementales para coordinar y facilitar las funciones somaticas. Primero fueron escasas neuronas. Mas tarde, un enmarañado de ellas formo un cerebro rudimentario para dirigir funciones digestivas. Finalmente, el soma y los sentidos (vision, gusto, tacto, audicion, olfato), terminaron creando el cerebro humano actual. Solo el enfoque anterior -permitira reproducir paso a paso un sistema masivo y complejo de procesamiento de informacion con jerarquias de diferentes niveles fuertemente integradas, abarcando la totalidad del cerebro.


Un experimento ideal para probar parte de las ideas esgrimidas en el párrafo anterior es realizar conexiones artificiales neuroprosteticas entre neuronas del cerebro normal de un humano parapléjico con otras de un humano en estado vegetativo (coma vigil), en espera de que el cerebro del parapléjico, se adapte, ordene y regule el funcionamiento del cuerpo vegetativo


Por si fuera poco, El HBP es controversial por el enorme esfuerzo computacional que requerirá para simular un cerebro humano y, en segundo lugar porque nadie conoce si el modelamiento pretendido de las celulas nerviosas contendra todos los detalles para mapear los procesos cerebrales.

Contrariamente, el Proyecto BAP (mapeo de funciones cerebrales), mas realista que el europeo, avalado por Obama propone un esfuerzo de 15 años, para mapear las funciones de los complejos circuitos cerebrales humanos empleando imagenologia por resonancia magnetica en combinacion con nanosensores, sondas de fibra óptica inhalambrica a ser implantadas en el cerebro y células manipuladas por ingeniería genética unidas a células cerebrales para registrar su actividad. Al principio se utilizarían ratones, luego primates y tal vez a humanos cuando se arribe a fases de investigación clínica.

Lo positivo es que ambos proyectos ansían diseñar nuevas estrategias contra la enfermedad de Alzheimer, Parkinson, autismo, esquizofrenia. Se trata tambien de rentabilidad económica. Segun Obama el Proyecto Genoma Humano genero 140 dolares por cada dolar invertido. Se diseñaran nuevos materiales para hacer baterías 10 veces mas poderosas, nuevas drogas para regenerar órganos dañados, sensores de tamaño molecular, se harán visibles los procesos cerebrales, sin interferir con sus funciones, pretendiéndose establecer un proceso de almacenamiento (memoria), utilizándo moléculas de DNA, generadooras de un código binario. El Proyecto americano invertirá

3 billones de dolares a lo largo de 10 años, contando con el apoyo de Google, Microsoft, Qualcomm, principales institutos : National Science Foundation, NIH, fundaciones privadas, y cientos de neurocientificos, desarrollando terapias para enfermedades mentales, generando de paso avances en inteligencia artificial.

Neurocientificos y nanotecnologos del Proyecto BAP creen que con las tecnologias actuales es posible obeservar y tener una mejor comprensión del cerebro, modelando un mapa completo de la actividad cerebral, con la ayuda de flotas de maquinas de tamaño molecular que actuaran como sensores de medición y almacenamiento de la actividad cerebral a nivel celular, empleando DNA sintetico. Para capturar y analizar los vastos flujos de datos del proyecto, se crearan observatorios cerebrales, semejantes a observatorios astronomicos.

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