CANCER: NEW IDEAS
Until recently prevailed the concept that cancer was a product of random mutations, promoting uncontrolled growth of mutated cells. Recent discoveries are changing this perspective: I) According to Paolo Pandolfi (Harvard Medical School), non-coding human DNA (junk), develop fine tuning molecular interaction in order to maintain the growth of healthy or tumoral cells. II) According to Jeremy K Nicholson (Imperial College, London), 99% of functional genes in our body has microbial origins, there being a normal pattern of communication via signaling molecules between human genes of healthy cells and genes of microorganisms. If there are flaws in this communication, human cells respond with overgrowth, facilitating the development of cancer. III) In keeping with the central dogma of biology, DNA information is copied to messenger RNA and led to cellular ribosomes (microRNAs). If a microRNA binds to a messenger RNA, the instructions are prevented from reaching the objective, thus promoting cancer. To explain the job of microRNAs, Pandolfi says that for each pseudogene, there is a encoding protein gene that regulate normal growth, derived from a common ancestral gene. The pseudogenes are eliminated when they become dysfunctional. While the normal genes continue to send signals to the messenger RNA, the dysfunctional remain silent. For Pandolfi, signals of RNA genes and pseudogenes interact through microRNAs.
As new molecules (lincRNA, siRNA (small interfering and intervening large noncoding), snoRNA, piRNA, etc, are discovered, scientists hope that in 20 years they will have the full map of cancer. More than mutation, now is accepted that a cancer tumor would be composed of aberrant cells, which would have rescheduled their metabolism, to grow and evade destruction by the immune system. Also, a tumor is not a homogeneous mass of cancer cells, it also contains healthy cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, growth and angiogenesis factors, useful to the cancer. Tumors, according to some researchers continue to exchange information (in another context), with different microorganisms in the mouth, skin, respiratory system. Today it is thought that diet, lifestyle, different geographical regions, different microbial ecosystems more or less frequently induce various types of cancers. With better hygiene, changes in diet and antibiotics, H. pylori has decreased in frequency in developed countries.
CÁNCER: NUEVAS IDEAS
As new molecules (lincRNA, siRNA (small interfering and intervening large noncoding), snoRNA, piRNA, etc, are discovered, scientists hope that in 20 years they will have the full map of cancer. More than mutation, now is accepted that a cancer tumor would be composed of aberrant cells, which would have rescheduled their metabolism, to grow and evade destruction by the immune system. Also, a tumor is not a homogeneous mass of cancer cells, it also contains healthy cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, growth and angiogenesis factors, useful to the cancer. Tumors, according to some researchers continue to exchange information (in another context), with different microorganisms in the mouth, skin, respiratory system. Today it is thought that diet, lifestyle, different geographical regions, different microbial ecosystems more or less frequently induce various types of cancers. With better hygiene, changes in diet and antibiotics, H. pylori has decreased in frequency in developed countries.
CÁNCER: NUEVAS IDEAS
Hasta hace poco predominaba el concepto de que el cáncer era producto de mutaciones al azar, promotoras de crecimiento incontrolados de células mutadas. Recientes descubrimientos están cambiando esta perspectiva: I) Según Paolo Pandolfi (Harvard Medical School), el DNA no codificador (junk), humano interactuando con señales moleculares del crecimiento de células sanas daría el balance final para mantener células saludables o tumorales. II) Según Jeremy K Nicholson (Imperial College, Londres), el 99% de genes funcionales de nuestro cuerpo tiene orígenes microbianos, existiendo un patrón normal de comunicación mediante señales moleculares entre genes de células sanas humanas y los correspodientes a gérmenes. Si existen fallas en esta comunicación, las células humanas responden con sobrecrecimientos, facilitando el desarrollo del cáncer. III) Acorde con el dogma central de biología, la información del DNA, es copiada por el RNA mensajero y conducida a ribosomas celulares (microRNAs). Si un microRNA se une a un RNA mensajero, se evita que las instrucciones alcancen el objetivo promoviéndose el cáncer. Para establecer como el microRNA distingue una célula sana de otra maligna, Pandolfi sostiene que para cada pseudogene, existe un gene regular codificador de proteinas normal, derivado de un gene común ancestral. Los pseudogenes son eliminados cuando devienen en disfuncionales. Mientras los genes normales continúan enviando señales al RNA mensajero, los disfuncionales permaneces silentes. Para Pandolfi, las señales de RNA de genes y pseudogenes interactúan mediante microRNAs.
Mientras nuevas moléculas (lincRNA, siRNA (large intervening y small interfering noncoding), snoRNA, piRNA, etc, van descubriéndose, los científicos esperan que en 20 años se tendrá el mapa completo del cáncer. Mas que una mutación hoy se acepta que un tumor canceroso estaría compuesto por células aberrantes, que habrían reprogramado su metabolismo, para crecer y evadir su destrucción, por el sistema immune. Asimismo, un tumor no es una masa homogénea de células cancerosas, también contiene células saludables: fibroblastos, células inmunes, factores de crecimiento y de angiogénesis, útiles al tumor. Los tumores, considerados por algunos como órganos renegados, continúan intercambiando información (en otro contexto), con distintos microrganismos de boca, piel, sistema respiratorio. Hoy se piensa que la dieta, los estilos de vida, las diferentes regiones geográficas, los diferentes ecosistemas microbianos inducen mayor o menor frecuencia de distintos tipos de canceres. Con mejor higiene, cambios en la dieta y antibióticos, el H. pylori, ha disminuido su frecuencia en países desarrollados.
Labels: Cancer:new ideas
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