Acting like God.
Since 1970, some scientifics began the task to build an artificial virus (poliomyelitis). They achieved it after various years, but finished abandoning this line of work, because many of the resultant genomes were faulty. In 2002, the http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/venter.html bio-enterpreuner Craig Venter, employing segments of the genome of the virus of the polio, the method of the chain reaction polimerase (PCR), that generates thousands of segments of DNA and the method of polimerase ciclyc assembly (PCA), to generate double chain of the DNA, synthesized in perfect form, by the first time a virus [(Phix- which infected bacteria, not human-: 5386 pair of bases (pb)], in a time record: 14 days. Nevertheless, the success of the achievement was diminished by the circumstance that most of scientifics does not consider the virus alive entities. Because of it, Venter, indicated that the next step will be the synthesis of bacteria, not alone with recreational aims, but also with energy end and/or of cleaning of the environment. After 4 years of adventure, there are some achievements.
Before the cyclopean task, most researchers has worked under the principle of reduction to parts, being created the concept of minimal genome (alive bacteria that employs minimal number of genes to survive). In this case, were employed bacteria (E. Coli, Buchnera aphidicola, Wigglerworthia glossinidea), to which was them removing gene by gene, or depriving sequentially of food. Subsequently was determined the minimal number of genes, necessary so that the bacteria can survive. Lawrence http://www.bath.ac.uk/bio-sci/hurst.htm Hurst, University of Bath.UK, criticized the procedure putting forward that beeing impossible to discover the alternate metabolic ways opened -when a gene is removed- the real minimal number of genes, could be greater (the double one), of the up to now, calculated.
The other intents –the most creative according to our point of view- have ran for different roads employing fat vesicles , built from white egg, to which enzymes of some virus are added, to facilitate the translation of the code of the DNA, special nutritious media and a minimal number of genes. The initial idea of the construction of vesicles is of the Russian: A.I. Oparin. Origin of the life on the Earth. 1979 [1925], pp:70-78, Edit.Tecnos SA, http://www.uv.es/orilife/Autors/Oparin.htm who produce starch. With this system, the vesicles express genes, generating with facility proteins, even fluorescent. A gene of Staphilococus aureus, induced the formation of small pores in the vesicucles’s walls. The critic in these case come from the side that out of the environment provided, the vesicucle, stops functioning. Consequently are not alive entities. Nevertheless http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/abstract.php?id=93 Albert Libchaber (University of Rockefeller), leader of the project – who thinks that the bacteria are machines directed by similar programs to the computers- thinks that little by little, will be constituting really alive entities. On the other hand, this type of experiments will go discovering which were the initial chemical reactions that made possible the life.
Haciendo las veces de Dios.
Before the cyclopean task, most researchers has worked under the principle of reduction to parts, being created the concept of minimal genome (alive bacteria that employs minimal number of genes to survive). In this case, were employed bacteria (E. Coli, Buchnera aphidicola, Wigglerworthia glossinidea), to which was them removing gene by gene, or depriving sequentially of food. Subsequently was determined the minimal number of genes, necessary so that the bacteria can survive. Lawrence http://www.bath.ac.uk/bio-sci/hurst.htm Hurst, University of Bath.UK, criticized the procedure putting forward that beeing impossible to discover the alternate metabolic ways opened -when a gene is removed- the real minimal number of genes, could be greater (the double one), of the up to now, calculated.
The other intents –the most creative according to our point of view- have ran for different roads employing fat vesicles , built from white egg, to which enzymes of some virus are added, to facilitate the translation of the code of the DNA, special nutritious media and a minimal number of genes. The initial idea of the construction of vesicles is of the Russian: A.I. Oparin. Origin of the life on the Earth. 1979 [1925], pp:70-78, Edit.Tecnos SA, http://www.uv.es/orilife/Autors/Oparin.htm who produce starch. With this system, the vesicles express genes, generating with facility proteins, even fluorescent. A gene of Staphilococus aureus, induced the formation of small pores in the vesicucles’s walls. The critic in these case come from the side that out of the environment provided, the vesicucle, stops functioning. Consequently are not alive entities. Nevertheless http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/abstract.php?id=93 Albert Libchaber (University of Rockefeller), leader of the project – who thinks that the bacteria are machines directed by similar programs to the computers- thinks that little by little, will be constituting really alive entities. On the other hand, this type of experiments will go discovering which were the initial chemical reactions that made possible the life.
Haciendo las veces de Dios.
A partir de 1970, algunos cientificos empezaron la tarea de construir un virus artificial (poliomielitis). Lo lograron después de varios años, pero terminaron abandonando la línea de trabajo, porque muchos de los genomas resultantes eran defectuosos. En el 2002, el cientifico-empresario Craig Venter, empleando segmentos del genoma del virus de la polio, el método de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), que genera miles de segmentos de DNA y la polimerasa ensambladora ciclica (PCA), para generar la doble cadena del DNA, sintetizó en forma perfecta, por primera véz un virus [(Phix- infecta bacterias, no humanos-: 5386 pares de bases (pb)], en un tiempo record:14 dias. No obstante, el éxito del logro fué disminuido por el hecho de que la mayoria de cientificos no considera a los virus como entes vivos. Por ello, Venter, señaló que el próximo paso seria la síntesis de bacterias sencillas, no solo recreativas, sino también con fines energéticos y/o de limpieza del medio ambiente. Tras 4 años de aventura, hay algunos logros.
Siendo la tarea ciclópea, se ha trabajado bajo el principio de reducción a partes, creándose el concepto de genoma minimo (bacteria viva que emplea número minimo de genes para sobrevivir). En este caso, se emplearon bacterias (E.Coli, Buchnera aphidicola, Wigglerworthia glossinidea), a las cuales se les fué removiendo gene por gene, o deprivándolas secuencialmente de alimentos. A continuación se determinaba el número minimo de genes, necesarios para que la bacteria pueda sobrevivir. Lawrence Hurst, Universidad de Bath.UK, critico del procedimiento aduce que al no poderse descubrir las vias metabólicas alternas aperturadas -cuando un gene es removido- el numero minimo real de genes, podria ser mayor (el doble), de los hasta ahora, calculados.
Los otros intentos –los más creativos según nuestro punto de vista- han discurrido por caminos diferentes empleando vesiculas grasas, construidas a partir de clara de huevo, a las que se añaden enzimas de algunos virus, para facilitar la traducción del código del DNA, medios nutritivos especiales y un minimo numero de genes. La idea germinal de la construcción de vesiculas es del ruso : A.I. Oparin. Origen de la vida sobre la Tierra. 1979 [1925], pp70-78, Edit.Tecnos SA, quien llegó a producir almidón. Con este sistema, las vesiculas expresan genes, generando con facilidad proteinas, incluso fluorescentes. Un gene de Staphilococus aureus, indujo la formación de poros pequeños en las paredes vesiculares.La critica a estas creaciones vienen del lado de que fuera del ambiente proporcionado, la vesicula, deja de funcionar. En consecuencia no son entes vivos. No obstante Albert Libchaber (Universidad de Rockefeller), lider del proyecto – quien piensa que las bacterias son máquinas dirigidas por programas semejantes a los de las computadoras- opina que poco a poco, se irán constituyendo entes realmente vivos. De otro lado, este tipo de experimentos irá descubriendo cuales fueron las reacciones quimicas iniciales, que hicieron posible la vida. Leer más:
1 Comments:
Great work!
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