SOUTH POLE WALL

From Astrophysical Journal

IS THE GREAT ATTRACTOR, THE CENTER OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE?

According to Archimedes of Syracuse (287 BC-212 BC), the Greek Aristarchus of Samos (310 BC-230 BC), after calculating with the help of the Pythagorean theorem (569 BC-475 BC), inferred that the Sun was 20 times (currently: 400 times), larger than Earth and therefore smaller planets like Earth had to revolve around the Sun.  Copernicus (1473-1543), would hold the same, albeit with more elaborate theoretical foundations, when addressing the relations between the Earth and the Sun, maintaining that the first rotates around the Sun, by means of movements of rotation, translation and declination, which explained the seasons and the equinoxes. Later, Galileo (1564-1642), with arguments of the causes of the tides, sunspots, rotation of Venus around the Sun, and the presence of satellites rotating around Jupiter -and not around Earth- would solidify the Heliocentric theory. After the discovery of the Milky Way (1610), by Galileo with a simple telescope, cosmology was advanced, although it would take 300 years to stop thinking that our Milky Way, containing our Solar System at its center, was the only one galaxy of our visible universe. In 1920, Edwin Hubble took a Copernican turn to cosmological studies, showing ¡oh, surprise!  that our universe contained many galaxies, therefore being larger and continuing to expand. With more powerful telescopes, Hubble, was locating the position of various galaxies, consolidating a more accurate and detailed cosmic mapping. Noting that the spectral lines of the nebulae were deviated towards the red color (redshift), he understood that most galaxies were expanding. Hubble then said that galaxies were moving away from us at a speed proportional to the distance that separates us from them. The galaxies discovered in the following years allowed the construction of larger maps of the universe, although still imperfect, creating the need to make more discoveries, to create cosmological maps capable of pinpointing the place in the cosmos where our solar system and planet are located.  The most recent cosmological findings related especially to galactic superclusters, are truly disruptive and could determine the awarding of future Nobel Prizes to scientists who generate new knowledge in this area. It has recently been published in the Astrophysical Journal, 2020; 897; 133 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9952, the article: Cosmicflows-3. The South Pole Wall, by Daniel Pomarede (Paris-Saclay University), R. Brent Tully (University of Hawaii) and collaborators, reporting the discovery of a gigantic galactic supercluster, behind the south pole of our visible universe, with views captured by the telescope: NASA Spitzer Space, showing a large-scale structure adjacent to a galactic dust-obscured area, opposite to the Shapley supercluster, behind the Chameleon Nebula, along a strip of ~ 1.37 millions of light years from the Perseus constellation to the Apus constellation in the southern hemisphere. The authors measured the distances of thousands of galaxies in strips of 600 million light years, based on observations of the speeds of   galaxies, as they deviated from those inferred for universal expansion, used to model velocities and 3-D field densities, with adjustments to satisfy the data and the Standard Model of Cosmology, working with topological models that contained filaments, knots, voids and surfaces, forming an interconnected network (cosmic web), with scales of 1 billion light years (20,000km/sec), determining for the first time, the almost exact position of our planet in the visible Universe. Astronomers use the term "redshift," to refer to: a) a referential measure to establish relative distances in the universe, which allows them to discriminate between the motion caused by cosmic expansion, and those caused by gravity  and b) to determine the cosmic flows  (travel paths of stars and galaxies), promoted by universal expansive forces and those induced by gravitational irregularities. According to several authors, the cosmos is flooded by microwave radiation with an average temperature of 2.7 degrees Kelvin, since the start of the Big Bang, being higher in certain sectors, hinting that these microwave strips would be the routes by which the galaxies including our Local Group, travel  in the direction -apparently determined- of the Great Attractor, although according to Tully, the movement towards this super-attractor would not be determined, but would be the result of the confluence of forces of the South Pole Wall and other superclusters, dark matter and gravity. From the South Pole Wall, we will only say that its dimensions are comparable to that of other superclusters (Great Wall, Sloan Great Wall, etc). By forming conglomerate of galaxies (clusters or superclusters), it is noticeable on a large scale, that they are connected to each other by interlocking filament chains producing intricate galactic topological and geometric shapes, including dark and empty spaces, spanning billions of light years. More close to us,  the Milky Way formed  by  small clusters of galaxies (Local Group), appears located near the Virgo cluster, which together with other galaxies are part of a gigantic supercluster: Laniakea, the same that is heading faster than established by Hubble's law, towards the Great Attractor, located just beyond the Centaurus Constellation.