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Wednesday, August 24, 2005

Mi cerebro viejo y mi cerebro nuevo.


Segun Mojzsis et al, 1996:5-69, el descubrimiento de inclusiones orgánicas carbonáceas al interior de gránulos de apatita (fosfato cálcico básico), demuestra la existencia de actividades biogénicas producidas por las primeras células ancestrales : las extremófilas (capaces de vivir en medios extremos : Woese, 1976:5088-90) o, las procariotas. En otras palabras, desde hace 3800 millones (Ma), de años, la vida unicelular, yá estaba presente, en la Tierra. De otro lado, los relojes moleculares han ubicado la emergencia de organismos pluricelulares de estructura blanda (algas), alrededor de los 1300 Ma a.C. Empero, evidencias sólidas (fósiles), de las primeras estructuras pluricelulares, aparecen recién a partir del Precrámbico : 700 Ma. Se trata de organismos de una sola capa multicelular (algas). Más tarde emergerían organismos con dos hojas multicelulares (anémonas, medusas-ver gráfico de la izquierda-, corales), una de las cuales alojaba un tubo digestivo tubular, bién definido (Valentine,1979:72-76). Poco después aparecerían los gusanos, con quienes compartimos nada menos que un 50% de genes.
Los primeros organismos pluricelulares, tenian como tarea básica, la recolección de alimentos del mar contando para ello con un sistema orientador primitivo, dotado de unas cuantas células nerviosas y otros tantos nervios, una especie de primer cerebro, primitivo. La función de este último es como hasta ahora : almacenar programas conductuales. El sistema digestivo actual determina y elige los programas necesarios para realizar determinada función : mezclar, propulsar, digerir alimentos,etc. Si no hay alimentos el sistema digestivo permanece silente.Si los hay, decide el curso de la acción, iniciando un acto reflejo. Al decir de Michael Gerson, Jefe del Dpto. de anatomía y biología celular de la Universidad de Columbia -USA-, es como un pequeño laboratorio clinico, monitorea la progresión de la digestión, valuando : nutrientes, ácidos, sales. Toda esta labor la hace solo, con pocas células, con pocos actos reflejos. No obstante emplea neurotrasmisores (serotonina), al igual que el cerebro de arriba.

Es decir tendríamos dos cerebros, uno antiguo, de funciones básicamente informáticas, urgido y ensamblado por necesidades alimenticias y otro (segundo cerebro), el actual, hechura de los sentidos y con funciones de monitoreo de la totalidad del organismo, a las que ha agregado la emergencia de la conciencia, el razonamiento y la cultura. No hay que menospreciar al cerebro primitivo, se dió maña para sostener durante 15 años a Terry Schiavo.
Lo importante es que los dos cerebros, tienen elementos comunes en su funcionar. La serotonina por ejemplo, es un neurotrasmisor (de información), presente en ambos, lo que tiene implicancias, ya que si por alguna razón terapéutica, intentásemos elevar la serotonina plasmática de un paciente deficiente de esta, podriamos martirizar simultáneamente su sistema digestivo, no urgida de esta sustancia. Lo otro, es que existiendo conexiones demostradas entre los dos (el estómago informa al cerebro), aparecen explicadas situaciones del tipo de ocurrencia de diarreas, poco antes de un examen u, otra situación estresante. O sea, que la conexión mente-cuerpo, existe y estas son las primeras evidencias, solidas. El Dr Gerson, añade que el conocer mas de esto, servirá para tratar de un modo más apropiado a ciertas enfermedades de dificil tratamiento hasta hoy, como el colon irritable, en la que se han demostrado altas concentaciones de serotonina, sin daño anatómico visible.
Referencias 1-Mojzsis et al.1996. Evidence for life on earth before 3800 millions years ago.Nature. 384:55-59 2-ValentineW.James.1979. La evolución de las plantas y animales pluricelulares.Selecciones de Sc American. pp:69-84.Edit. Labor SA. Barcelona. 3-Woese, R.Carl and Fox GE.1977.Phylogenetic structure from Procaryota Kingdom. First Domain. PNAS. 74:5088-90.4-Brown, Harriet. 19/August/05. The other brain Also deals with many woes. Newyorktimes.com.
My old and my new brain.
According to Mojzsis Et al (1996:55-69), the discovery of carbonates organic inclusions to the interior of apatite grains (basic calcic phosphate), demonstrates the existence of biogénics activities produced by the first ancestral cells : extremóphyles (able to live in extreme enviromments: Woese, 1976:5088-90) or, procariotas. In other words, 3800 million ago (Ma), of years, the unicellular life, already was present, in the Earth. Of another side, the molecular clocks have located the emergency of pluricellular organisms of soft structure (seaweed), around the 1300 Ma a.C. However, solid evidences (fossils), of the first pluricellular structures, appear just from the Precámbric: 700 Ma. They were organisms of a single multicellular layer (seaweed). Later organisms with two multicellular leaves would emerge (anemones, medusas-see graph of the left -, chorals), one of which lodged a tubular alimentary canal, well defined (Valentine, 1979:72-76). Shortly after they would appear the worms, with those who we shared nothing less than a 50% of genes.
The first pluricellular organisms, had like basic task, the food harvesting of the sea counting for it with a primitive orientation system, equipped with a few nervous cells and others few nerves, a species of first brain, primitive. The function of this last one is like until now: to store conductuals programs. The present digestive system determines and chooses the programs necessary to make certain function: to mix, to drive, to digest foods, etc. If in the digestive system there are no foods, the system remains silent. On the contrary, it decides the course of the action, initiating a reflex act. When saying of Michael Gerson, Head of the Dpment. of anatomy and cellular Biology of the University of Columbia -USA -, it is like a small clinic lab, monitors the progression of the digestion, estimating: nutrients, acids, salts. All this work makes single, with few cells, few reflexs acts. Despite it uses neurotrasmitters (serotonin), like the brain of above.
It is to say we would have two brains, one old one, of basically computer science functions, been urgent and assembled by nutritional necessities and another one (second brain), the present one, form of the senses and with functions of monitor the totality of the organism, to which it has added the emergency of the conscience, the reasoning and the culture. It is not necessary to despise to the primitive brain, it has mantained alive during 15 years to Terry Schiavo.
The important thing is that both brains, have elements common in his work. The serotonin for example, is a neurotrasmitter (of information), present in both, which has consequences, since if for some therapeutic reason, we tried to elevate plasmátic serotonin of a deficient patient of this, we could damage its digestive system simultaneously, not been urgent of this substance. The other, is that existing connections demonstrated between both (the stomach informs to the brain), appear explained situations of the type of occurrence of diarreas, shortly before an examination or, another stresant situation. That is, that the connection mind-body, exists and these are the first evidences. Dr Gerson, adds that knowing more about this, will serve to deal with a more appropriate way to certain diseases of dificiccult treatment until today, like the "irritable colon", in which high concentrations of serotonin have been demonstrated, without visible anatomical damage.

7 Comments:

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