Prohibido prohibir
Cada cierto tiempo, emergen críticas desagradables, opuestas y tendencias cuasi prohibitivas contra ciertas prácticas no ortodoxas, de comunicación escrita, radial, televisiva,etc. Especificamente contra la prensa sensacionalista (amarilla, rosa, naranja, etc), identificable por sus titulares obscenos, crudas escenas del crimen o, por la exposición íntima de figuras públicas.
Engendrada por la necesidad de mejorar las ventas ante la competencia salvaje y; vehiculizada por el morbo público, la prensa sensacionalista, ha pasado de la denostación a ser utilizada (vaya, vaya), por círculos gobiernistas y militares con fines proselitistas. Las víctimas en estos casos (personas o países), anatematizadas y constreñidas por clichés reiterativos ("...miente, miente que algo queda.."), son cosificadas y reducidas a simples y vulgares mortales, con más defectos que virtudes. Vargas LLosa (4), Rospigliosi (5) y Orbegoso (7,8), opuestos a los modos y usos de esta prensa, la adjetivan de : escandalosa, hijastra de la cultura de la libertad, promotora de las bajas pasiones, usufructuadora de la cultura de la frivolidad de la civilización posmoderna, transgesora de la privacidad de los ciudadanos, anética, exagerada y en el caso especifico de la peruana, de: mentirosa, difamadora, fantasiosa y calumniadora (6).No dudo que tengan algo de razón, empero intuyo en sus apreciaciones muchas exageraciones.
El caso es que inpensadamente o nó, algunos de estos epítetos devienen en indistinguibles de ciertas prédicas de corte dogmático y fundamentalista. Casi como decir, "la única ética de valor es la nuestra. La verdad y la moral solo pueden ser cocinadas exclusivamente en nuestros cerebros. El estilo verdadero, el único, es el que nosotros dictamos y establecemos..". Frente a ello, nuestro humilde sentido de independencia nos mueve a preguntarnos :¿que suerte de orden suprahumano validó esto? ¿el criterio empresarial de los grandes consorcios periodísticos? el libre mercado? élites de gustos sofisticados?¿intereses políticos?, económicos?. Si los de a pié, somos más, porque nuestros gustos tienen que ser normados por una minoría exquisita?. Que hay del gusto de las masas?de los míos?, de los tuyos?¿carecen de valor?.
Y, si es así, porqué el programa televisivo "Los cómicos ambulantes", nacido durante el fujimorato (Gobierno de A.Fujimori:1990-2000), expresado vía "gags de mal gusto" : lluvia de tortazos y palabras subidas de tono, llegó a alcanzar los mas altos niveles de sintonía?.Porqué el programa televisivo "Magaly Teve", inundado por la intimidad de futbolistas, vedettes, artistas y políticos peruanos y exhibido displicentemente, quiebra todos los records de sintonía, en la actualidad ?. Porqué los programas educativos, no captan tamaña audiencia?. No será yá, hora de cuestionar los contenidos, modos y calidad de los programas serios?.
Antes de responder a estas preguntas, conectemos lo anterior a algunos casos internacionales, para entender lo que significa el veto o, prohibición expresa : a- En 1968, el libro "Fuera de Juego", ganó el premio del Sindicato de Escritores Cubanos. 03 años después su autor el cubano Heberto Padilla fué encarcelado bajo el cargo de que su libro atentaba contra los valores de la revolución castrista. b- el caso de Salman Rushdie (Versos satánicos,1988), en los que el indo- británico, satirizó críticamente la supuesta y astuta incorporación de 3 diosas paganas al Korán, con el fin de captar más adeptos para el Islam, lo que le valió, ser condenado a muerte por el Ayatollah Komeini. c-.En Marzo del 2005, al amparo de imputaciones del tipo de mentiras, errores y desacreditación de la Iglesia, el Obispo de Génova :Tarcisio Bertone, inició una campaña prohibitiva contra el libro Código da Vinci (20 millones de ejemplares vendidos). En este libro se postula hipotéticamente, el matrimonio entre Jesús y María Magdalena, agregando que las referencias al Santo Grial, estarían más bien referidas a la sangre real de Jesucristo, impregnando el vientre de María Magdalena (Brown:299-350).
Posicionémonos, en estos tiempos, toda prohibición deviene en insostenible, porque de uno u, otro modo recorta la libertad de expresión y por ende el de la libre creación. Es cierto que la prensa sensacionalista comete excesos, empero sus extralimitaciones no serán corregidas por prohibiciones. A la prensa sensacionalista hay que enfrentarla con nuevos y creativos modos periodísticos, culturalmente eficaces, pero menos almidonados. El asunto aqui como todo en la vida, es competir, elaborando programas culturales atractivos y dejar que el respetable escoja. Es, esta suerte de competencia (si somos lo suficientemente creativos), la que eliminará sin violencia, los "malos programas". Para los demasiado irrespetuosos, existe el imperio de la Ley, que debe juzgar duramente cuando sea el caso, en base a evidencias y refutaciones.
La prensa sensacionalista publica lo que no se atreven a editar los periódicos serios, que solo publicitan a cierta clase política y económica. De otro lado, la prensa amarilla, visibiliza a personas anónimas y a amplios sectores populares de la sociedad peruana.Hechos triviales y anecdóticos de la vida cotidiana son magnificados en esta prensa. Todo gran periódico defiende sus intereses y al hacerlo establece límites, los mismos que la prensa amarilla, copa, recupera y potencia (8).Es cierto que la prensa amarilla es amoral y anética, pero también es cierto que la ley y la moral devienen mayormente de prejuicios derivados de intereses particulares. No es cierto acaso?, que la cultura propugnada por las élites ha llegado a imponer incluso restricciones al placer y a muchas de nuestras necesidades vitales? (10). No es cierto también?, que la prensa amarilla, que prefiere el entretenimiento a la objetividad, es en todo caso una opción, a elegir y, nó una imposición. No nos avergonzemos de ella; esta cuaja donde la institucionalidad es nula o, ha perdido su rol promotor de valores, donde el común de los mortales aparece desvinculado de las fuentes decisorias del poder y es tratado con inequidad o, autoritarismo (8).
De las espinas también pueden emerger propuestas. No fueron creaciones pop - art, los titulares de la "Ultima Hora" (vespertino peruano,1960)?,quien más que la prensa amarilla, para impregnar de brillo, color y vitalidad a las noticias. No es cierto acaso, que esta prensa ha creado un nuevo lenguaje audiovisual?.No ha reinventado los titulares al paso (que tornan innecesarias explicaciones accesorias?), dirigidas al ojo del transeúnte,al que viaja en ómnibus, en auto, al que llega apurado al trabajo?. quien mejor que la prensa rosa, para advertir con crudo realismo de los peligros del Sida y otros?, quien mejor que la prensa naranja para bajar de su inmerecido pedestal a ciertos politicos transgesores.
Aunque su papel correctivo en la sociedad es discutible, la prensa amarilla forma parte ya del tejido actual político, cultural y social de nuestros pueblos. Nadie debe pretender ser dueño de la verdad absoluta. Ser periodista exitoso y de élite, no implica serlo por siempre, los paradigmas son temporales. De otro lado, es dificil aceptar una moral universal, especialmente cuando la mayoría de los filósofos la estiman como un engaño, en tanto estructura alienante e ilusoria que pugna por legitimar lo que hay, lo que vale para unos cuantos que comparten las mismas condiciones económicas y sociales. El que Wittgenstein (9), refrende que que nada es bueno ni malo, sino que el pensar lo hace tal, coloca al mismo nivel los hechos relatados por la prensa seria y la sensacionalista. Pero no se preocupen, porque las noticias buenas (aquellas con evidencias sólidas, ampliación de conocimientos, fomento de valores,etc.), son rapidamente discriminadas e incorporadas por el respetable.
Lo importante no es prohibir o vetar, sino competir. Hay que elevar la vitalidad de la prensa seria, para que compita con la amarilla. Ser fiel a determinado estilo y metodología comunicativa supone validarla, mejorarla, cualificarla. El mejor modo de imponerse culturalmente es invalidar al rival, por incompetencia. Lo malo tiende a desaparecer por evolución natural. Al final son los usuarios, los que deben escoger.
Referencias bibliográficas
1-Brown, Dan. 2003. El Código da Vinci.Umbriel editores.com, Barcelona. 2- Rushdie Salman.1988. The Satanic Verses. Viking Penguin Inc. New York. 3-Rospigliosi, Fernando. 1999.La prensa naranja. Caretas. Noviembre. 18, Lima. 4-Vargas Llosa,Mario 1998. Nuevas Inquisiciones. Caretas. Noviembre.12, Lima. 5-Rospigliosi, Fernando.2000.El arte del engaño. APRODEH, Lima. 6-Orbegoso, M. Jesús. 2005(Marzo,03). El periodismo mercenario.http://mjoh.blogspot.com. 7- Orbegoso, M.Jesus.2005 (Marzo 02). El periodismo según San Gabriel.http://.mjoh.blogspot.com. 8-Macassi Sandro.2002. La prensa amarilla en America Latina. Chasqui. No. 77. 9-Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 2005. Etica.www.usuarios.iponet.es. 10-Camps, V. Guariglia, O y Salmeron, F. Concepciones de la ética. 1992. Editorial Trotta. Valladolid. España.11- Camps, Victoria. 1990. Virtudes públicas. Colección Austral. Espasa - Calpe. SA., Madrid.
Friday, August 26, 2005
Prohibited to prohibit
Every certain time, disagreeable, opposite critics and nonorthodox practical certain prohibitive tendencies emerge against certain kind of written, radial, televising communication, etc. Specifically against the press sensationalist (yellow, pink, orange press, etc), identifiable by its obscene holders, crude scenes of crime or, by the intimate exhibition of public figures.
Generated by the necessity to improve the sales before the wild competition and transported by public morbid, the yellow press, has happened to be used (it goes, it goes), by government and military circles with proselitists aims. The victims in these cases (people or countries), blamed and restricted by repeated cliches ("... lies, lies something will remain in the minds"), are reduced to simple and vulgar mortals, with more defects than virtues. The Vargas LLosa (4), Rospigliosi (5) and Orbegoso (7,8), opposed to the ways and uses of this press, describe it of: scandalous, step-child of the culture of the freedom, promoter of the low passions, usefulness of the culture of the frivolity of the postmodern civilization, transgessor of the privacy of the citizens, anéthics, exaggerated and in the case of the Peruvian, of: lyng difamous, slanderer fantasious (6).No doubt that they have something of reason, however many of their point of views are exagerated.
The case is that thinked or not, some of these epítetos are dogmatic and fundamentalist.. Almost like saying, "the only ethics of value is ours. The truth and the single moral can be cooked exclusively in our brains. The true style, the only one, is the one that we dictated and we establish.". As opposed to it, our humble sense of independence moves to ask to us : what luck of suprahuman order validated this? the enterprise criterion of the great journalistic partnerships? the free market? elites of sophisticated tastes? Politicians or, economic interests?. What about our tastes? They must be must be regulated by an exquisite minority. What about the mass taste? from mine, of yours? do they lack value?.
And, if it is thus, why the TV program "the traveling comedians", been born during the fujimorato (Government of A.Fujimori:1990-2000), expressed via "gags of badly taste": rain of tortazos and raised words of tone, got to reach but the high levels of sintony?.Why the TV program "Magaly TV", flooded by the privacy of soccer players, vedettes, Peruvian artists and politicians and exhibited displicently, bankruptcy all the record of syntony, at the present time. Why the educative programs, do not catch so large hearing. It will not be already, hour to question the contents, ways and quality of this serious programs.
Before responding to these questions, we connect the previous thing to some international cases, to understand what means veto or, express prohibition : a- In 1968, the book "Out of Play", gained the prize of the Union of Cuban Writers. 03 years later its author the Cuban Heberto Padilla was jailed under the position of which its book attempted against the values of the Castro revolution. b- the case of Salman Rushdie (satanic Verses, 1988), in which the British Hindu, critically satirized the supposed and astute incorporation of 3 pagan goddesses to the Korán, with the purpose of catching more followers for the Islam, which was worth to him, to be condemned to death by the Ayatollah Komeini. c-.En March of the 2005, under protection of imputations of the type of lies, errors and desacreditación of the Church, the Bishop of Genova:Tarcisio Bertone, initiated a prohibitive campaign against the book Code da Vinci (20 million sold units). In this book it is postulated hypothetical, the marriage between Jesus and Maria Magdalena, adding who the references to Santo Grial, rather would be referred to the real blood of Jesus Christ, impregnating the belly of Maria Magdalena (Brown:299-350).
Try to see this, in these times, all prohibition happens in untenable, because of one or, another way trims the freedom of expression and therefore the one of the free creation. It is certain that the press sensationalist commits excesses, however their abuses will not be corrected by prohibitions. To the press sensationalist it is necessary to face it new and creative journalistic ways, culturally effective, but less starched. The subject here, like everything in the life, is to compete, elaborating attractive cultural programs and to leave the public one chooses. It is, this luck of competition (if we are sufficiently creative), the one that will eliminate without violence, the "bad programs". For the too irreverents ones, the empire of Law exists, that must hard judge when it is the case, on the basis of evidences and rebuttals.
The press sensationalist publishes what they do not dare to publish the serious newspapers, that single publish to certain political and economic class. Of another side, the yellow pressput into light to anonymous people. The daily life is magnified in this press. All great newspaper defends its interests and when doing it establishes it limits, such that the yellow press, wins, recovers and power (8). It is certain that the yellow press is amoral and anéthics, but also it is certain that the law and the moral happen mainly of prejudices derived from particular interests. It is not certain that the culture advocated by the elites has gotten to even impose restrictions to the pleasure and many of our vital necessities? (10). It is not certain also, that the yellow press, that prefers the entertainment to the objectivity, is in any case an option, to choose and, not an imposition. Not tobe ashamed of this press; it materializes when the institutions are null or, lost his promotional roll of values, where the common one of the mortals appears broken ties with the sources of power and is dealt with inequity or, authoritarianism (8).
From the thorns also proposals can emerge. Creations were not pop - art, the holders of it "The Last Hour" (vespertine Peruvian, 1960)?, Which more than the yellow press, to impregnate of brightness, color and vitality to the news. It is not certain that this press has created a new audio-visual language?.Has not it reinvented the holders to the step (who return unnecessary accessory explanations), directed to the eye of the passer-by, to whom it travels in bus, in car, at which it arrives worried at the work. Who better than the pink press, to notice with crude realism of the dangers of AIDS and others. Who better than the press orange to lower of its pedestal to certain transgessors politics men.
Although its corrective paper in the society is debatable, the yellow press form leaves already from the political, cultural and social weave present of our towns. Nobody must try to be owner of the absolute truth. To be successful journalist and of elite, does not imply to be it by always, the paradigms are temporary. Of another side, he it is dificcult to accept a universal moral, specially when most of the philosophers consider it as a deceit, in as much false structure that struggles to legitimize what there is, which is worth for that share the same economic and social conditions. The one that Wittgenstein (9), authenticates that that nothing is good nor bad, but that thinking it does such, places at the same level the facts related by the serious press and the sensationalist. But there are good news do not worry, because (those with solid evidences, extension of knowledge, promotion of values, etc.), quickly are discriminated and incorporated by the people.
The important thing is not to prohibit or to veto, but to compete. It is necessary to elevate the vitality of the serious press, so that it competes with the yellow. To be faithful to certain style and communicative methodology supposes to validate it, to improve it, to cualify it. The best way to prevail culturally is to invalidate the rival, by incompetence. The bad thing tends to disappear by natural evolution. In the end they are the users, those that must choose.
Prohibited to prohibit
Every certain time, disagreeable, opposite critics and nonorthodox practical certain prohibitive tendencies emerge against certain kind of written, radial, televising communication, etc. Specifically against the press sensationalist (yellow, pink, orange press, etc), identifiable by its obscene holders, crude scenes of crime or, by the intimate exhibition of public figures.
Generated by the necessity to improve the sales before the wild competition and transported by public morbid, the yellow press, has happened to be used (it goes, it goes), by government and military circles with proselitists aims. The victims in these cases (people or countries), blamed and restricted by repeated cliches ("... lies, lies something will remain in the minds"), are reduced to simple and vulgar mortals, with more defects than virtues. The Vargas LLosa (4), Rospigliosi (5) and Orbegoso (7,8), opposed to the ways and uses of this press, describe it of: scandalous, step-child of the culture of the freedom, promoter of the low passions, usefulness of the culture of the frivolity of the postmodern civilization, transgessor of the privacy of the citizens, anéthics, exaggerated and in the case of the Peruvian, of: lyng difamous, slanderer fantasious (6).No doubt that they have something of reason, however many of their point of views are exagerated.
The case is that thinked or not, some of these epítetos are dogmatic and fundamentalist.. Almost like saying, "the only ethics of value is ours. The truth and the single moral can be cooked exclusively in our brains. The true style, the only one, is the one that we dictated and we establish.". As opposed to it, our humble sense of independence moves to ask to us : what luck of suprahuman order validated this? the enterprise criterion of the great journalistic partnerships? the free market? elites of sophisticated tastes? Politicians or, economic interests?. What about our tastes? They must be must be regulated by an exquisite minority. What about the mass taste? from mine, of yours? do they lack value?.
And, if it is thus, why the TV program "the traveling comedians", been born during the fujimorato (Government of A.Fujimori:1990-2000), expressed via "gags of badly taste": rain of tortazos and raised words of tone, got to reach but the high levels of sintony?.Why the TV program "Magaly TV", flooded by the privacy of soccer players, vedettes, Peruvian artists and politicians and exhibited displicently, bankruptcy all the record of syntony, at the present time. Why the educative programs, do not catch so large hearing. It will not be already, hour to question the contents, ways and quality of this serious programs.
Before responding to these questions, we connect the previous thing to some international cases, to understand what means veto or, express prohibition : a- In 1968, the book "Out of Play", gained the prize of the Union of Cuban Writers. 03 years later its author the Cuban Heberto Padilla was jailed under the position of which its book attempted against the values of the Castro revolution. b- the case of Salman Rushdie (satanic Verses, 1988), in which the British Hindu, critically satirized the supposed and astute incorporation of 3 pagan goddesses to the Korán, with the purpose of catching more followers for the Islam, which was worth to him, to be condemned to death by the Ayatollah Komeini. c-.En March of the 2005, under protection of imputations of the type of lies, errors and desacreditación of the Church, the Bishop of Genova:Tarcisio Bertone, initiated a prohibitive campaign against the book Code da Vinci (20 million sold units). In this book it is postulated hypothetical, the marriage between Jesus and Maria Magdalena, adding who the references to Santo Grial, rather would be referred to the real blood of Jesus Christ, impregnating the belly of Maria Magdalena (Brown:299-350).
Try to see this, in these times, all prohibition happens in untenable, because of one or, another way trims the freedom of expression and therefore the one of the free creation. It is certain that the press sensationalist commits excesses, however their abuses will not be corrected by prohibitions. To the press sensationalist it is necessary to face it new and creative journalistic ways, culturally effective, but less starched. The subject here, like everything in the life, is to compete, elaborating attractive cultural programs and to leave the public one chooses. It is, this luck of competition (if we are sufficiently creative), the one that will eliminate without violence, the "bad programs". For the too irreverents ones, the empire of Law exists, that must hard judge when it is the case, on the basis of evidences and rebuttals.
The press sensationalist publishes what they do not dare to publish the serious newspapers, that single publish to certain political and economic class. Of another side, the yellow pressput into light to anonymous people. The daily life is magnified in this press. All great newspaper defends its interests and when doing it establishes it limits, such that the yellow press, wins, recovers and power (8). It is certain that the yellow press is amoral and anéthics, but also it is certain that the law and the moral happen mainly of prejudices derived from particular interests. It is not certain that the culture advocated by the elites has gotten to even impose restrictions to the pleasure and many of our vital necessities? (10). It is not certain also, that the yellow press, that prefers the entertainment to the objectivity, is in any case an option, to choose and, not an imposition. Not tobe ashamed of this press; it materializes when the institutions are null or, lost his promotional roll of values, where the common one of the mortals appears broken ties with the sources of power and is dealt with inequity or, authoritarianism (8).
From the thorns also proposals can emerge. Creations were not pop - art, the holders of it "The Last Hour" (vespertine Peruvian, 1960)?, Which more than the yellow press, to impregnate of brightness, color and vitality to the news. It is not certain that this press has created a new audio-visual language?.Has not it reinvented the holders to the step (who return unnecessary accessory explanations), directed to the eye of the passer-by, to whom it travels in bus, in car, at which it arrives worried at the work. Who better than the pink press, to notice with crude realism of the dangers of AIDS and others. Who better than the press orange to lower of its pedestal to certain transgessors politics men.
Although its corrective paper in the society is debatable, the yellow press form leaves already from the political, cultural and social weave present of our towns. Nobody must try to be owner of the absolute truth. To be successful journalist and of elite, does not imply to be it by always, the paradigms are temporary. Of another side, he it is dificcult to accept a universal moral, specially when most of the philosophers consider it as a deceit, in as much false structure that struggles to legitimize what there is, which is worth for that share the same economic and social conditions. The one that Wittgenstein (9), authenticates that that nothing is good nor bad, but that thinking it does such, places at the same level the facts related by the serious press and the sensationalist. But there are good news do not worry, because (those with solid evidences, extension of knowledge, promotion of values, etc.), quickly are discriminated and incorporated by the people.
The important thing is not to prohibit or to veto, but to compete. It is necessary to elevate the vitality of the serious press, so that it competes with the yellow. To be faithful to certain style and communicative methodology supposes to validate it, to improve it, to cualify it. The best way to prevail culturally is to invalidate the rival, by incompetence. The bad thing tends to disappear by natural evolution. In the end they are the users, those that must choose.
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