Close to Creation (or Big Bang).
It did not cost a lot to the Greeks to understand that the matter, in last instance should be constituted by elementary particles. Demócrito called them atoms (indivisible units). Divisible or not, the theme remained in suspense during centuries, by the simple reason that being the particles, smaller than the lengths of wave of the visible light, it was impossible to see them. Later Leibniz (XVI), calling them monads, extended the theme of the divisibility or not, to the philosophical atmosphere. The concepts nevertheless, continued being debated in virtual fields. Recently, around 1900, J.J. Thomson achieved to see for the first time: electrons. Elevating the temperature of incandescent filaments he generated electrons, which after accelerating them by means of electric fields, managed to crash them against phosphorescent screens. In 1905, Einstein predicted that the Brownian movement itself must due to the collision of suspended soil and liquid atoms, among them. Later in 1911 E. Rutherford, expanded the concept studying alpha rays emitted by radioactive substances. In this way began to be outlined a planetary nanoworld with electrons orbiting around loaded particles positively. In 1969 [¡oh surprise¡], Murray Gell Mann, showed that protons and neutrons were constituted by 3 smaller particles: the quarks. At the same time, a multitude of brilliant physicists, discovered that the elementary particles had revolving movements (spins) and that some almost disappeared, during these processes. Emerged then the concepts of antiparticles. The collision between particles and their antis, will destroys to both. By fortune Pauli, postulate the principle of exclusion, notifiyng us that still to high energies and densities, the particles, rarely would collide among them, by having different velocities. For our surprise there were more particles. In 1983, it was discovered in the European CERN (super-colliders of particles), 3 more particles : the bosons. Currently it is believed to have identified the totality of the particles, some 16, among quarks, leptons, bosons, etc. In order that they conform the last flat (Standard Theory of the Universe), of the universal matter, 2 things are needed: a) to integrate coherently, the force of the gravity to the remainders 3 forces of the nature: strong force, weak force and electromagnetic force and b) to identify the particle of God: the boson of Higgs.
The problem is that the 16 particles discovered lack weight, purchasable alone mercy to a field that permit them to interact among them: the field of Higgs, facilitated by its bosons. In order to identify in real form bosons and quarks, they come itself building for various years, gigantic particles colliders, in Europe (CERN) and USA http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4524132.stm (Fermi). In these, the collisions among particles will generate heavier and greater energies, where they should be found the bosons. Identifying bosons and quarks, equals to be a few seconds after the occurrence of the Big Bang, constituted basically by quarks and antiquarks. With the results of the colliders, it is expected : I) to observe additional dimensions of the hyperspace II) to generate miniblackholes III) to understand as the matter in the universe functions IV) to face the growing critics for the scarce real contributions of the present physic. Many http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/books/review/01horgan.html people strange to Einstein. It is criticized a lot the Theory of Superstrings, without visible fruits. The scientifics of CERN, said that it is the hour of the experiments. ..that the reality will be provided by the super-colliders. When the collisions of particles will reveal secrets well kept (2007 on), it is expected to assist to the beginning of a new Physics. From there, we will know little by little, what occurred before the Big Bang.
The problem is that the 16 particles discovered lack weight, purchasable alone mercy to a field that permit them to interact among them: the field of Higgs, facilitated by its bosons. In order to identify in real form bosons and quarks, they come itself building for various years, gigantic particles colliders, in Europe (CERN) and USA http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4524132.stm (Fermi). In these, the collisions among particles will generate heavier and greater energies, where they should be found the bosons. Identifying bosons and quarks, equals to be a few seconds after the occurrence of the Big Bang, constituted basically by quarks and antiquarks. With the results of the colliders, it is expected : I) to observe additional dimensions of the hyperspace II) to generate miniblackholes III) to understand as the matter in the universe functions IV) to face the growing critics for the scarce real contributions of the present physic. Many http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/books/review/01horgan.html people strange to Einstein. It is criticized a lot the Theory of Superstrings, without visible fruits. The scientifics of CERN, said that it is the hour of the experiments. ..that the reality will be provided by the super-colliders. When the collisions of particles will reveal secrets well kept (2007 on), it is expected to assist to the beginning of a new Physics. From there, we will know little by little, what occurred before the Big Bang.
Muy cerca de la Creacion (o del Big Bang).
No le costó mucho a los griegos entender que la materia, en última instancia debería estar constituida por partículas elementales. Demócrito las llamó átomos (unidades indivisibles). Divisibles o nó, el tema quedó en suspenso durante siglos, por la sencilla razón de que siendo las partículas, más pequeñas que las longitudes de onda de la luz visible, era imposible verlas. Más tarde Leibniz (Siglo XVI), al denominarlas mónadas, extendió el tema de la divisibilidad o nó, al ámbito filosófico. Los conceptos no obstante, seguían debatiéndose en áreas virtuales. Recién, alrededor de 1900, J.J. Thomson logró visibilizar por primera véz : electrones. Elevando la temperatura de filamentos incandescentes generó electrones, a los que trás acelerarlos mediante campos eléctricos, logró estrellarlos contra pantallas fosforescentes. En 1905, Einstein predijo que el movimiento browniano se debia a la colisión de átomos (liquidos con sólidos), entre si. Más tarde E. Rutherford, amplió el concepto estudiando particulas alfa emitidas por átomos radioactivos. Empezaba a esbozarse asi, un nanomundo planetario, con electrones orbitando alrededor de particulas cargadas positivamente. En 1969 [¡oh sorpresa¡], Murray Gell Mann, demostró que protones y neutrones estaban a su véz constituidos por 3 particulas más pequeñas cada una : los quarks. Colateralmente, una multitud de brillantes fisicos, habia descubierto que las particulas elementales poseian movimientos giratorios (spins) y que algunas cuasi desaparecían, durante estos procesos. Emergieron entonces los conceptos de antipartículas. La colisión entre particulas y sus antis, destruiria a ambas. Por fortuna Pauli, al dar cuenta del principio de exclusión, nos advirtió que aún a altas energias y densidades, las particulas dificilmente colisionarían entre si, por disponer de diferentes velocidades.Para sorpresa nuestra en los años siguientes, se irian visionando particulas adicionales. En 1983, se descubrieron en el CERN (super-colisionador de particulas), europeo, 3 particulas más : los bosones. En la actualidad se cree haber identificado la totalidad de las particulas, unas 16, entre quarks, leptones, bosones, etc. Para que estas, conformen el ultimo piso (Teoria Standard del Universo), de la materia universal, se necesitan 2 cosas : a) integrar coherentemente, la fuerza de la gravedad a las restantes 3 fuerzas de la naturaleza : fuerza debil, fuerza fuerte y electromagnética y b) identificar a la particula de Dios : el boson de Higgs. El problema es que las 16 particulas descubiertas carecen de peso, adquirible solo merced a un campo que les permita interactuar entre ellas: el campo de Higgs, facilitado por sus bosones. A fin de identificar en forma real bosones y quarks, se vienen construyendo desde hace varios años, gigantescos colisionadores de particulas, en Europa (CERN) y USA (Fermi). En estos, las colisiones entre particulas generarán particulas más pesadas y de mayor energia, donde deberán encontrarse los bosones. Identificar bosones y quarks, equivale a estar unos pocos segundos después de la ocurrencia del Big Bang, constituido básicamente por quarks y antiquarks. Con ello, se espera además : I) observar dimensiones adicionales del hiperspacio II) generar miniagujeros negros III) comprender como funciona la materia en el universo IV) hacer frente a las crecientes criticas por las escasas contribuciones reales de la fisica actual. Mucha gente extraña a Einstein. Se critica mucho a la Teoria de las Supercuerdas, sin frutos visibles. Los cientificos del CERN, dicen que es la hora de los experimentos...que la realidad será proporcionada por los super-colisionadores. Cuando las colisiones de particulas revelen secretos bien guardados a partir del 2007, se espera se cree, una nueva fisica. A partir de alli se ira conociendo poco a poco, lo que ocurrió antes del Big Bang.
1 Comments:
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