TRANSFUSIONES SANGUINEAS y RIESGO DE CONTRAER HIV.
RECOMENDADOS: "Gobierno no puede ser juez y parte" (6 stars : Dr. Uriel
Garcia), "El eterno problema del periodo ventana" (Dr. Herbert Cuba),"Bancos de sangre centralizados" (Dr.Gotuzzo Herencia), "Delitos por el periodo ventana en el VIH"(Dr. Lincoln Maylle).Al revisar definiciones de periodo ventana: imposibilidad de detección de anticuerpos a HIV (4-6 semanas, entre la infección y la positividad del test), aún cuando la persona tiene altos niveles de HIV en su sangre, saliva, liquidos sexuales o leche materna). El test de ELISA (que detecta anticuerpos HIV), empleado rutinariamente en los bancos de sangre peruanos, estima que el periodo ventana puede durar 3 meses. Lo cierto es que los anticuerpos son producidos 21 dias después de la infeccion, siendo detectables, 4-6 semanas después de ocurrida la infección. Uno termina por preguntarse entonces donde se ubica el virus del HIV, en ese periodo. La lógica formal y nuestro sentido común, nos indican que deben existir métodos distintos (a los de la mera identificación de anticuerpos), para detectar al virus del HIV. Aunque costosos estos, existen, siendo capaces de detectar partes estructurales del mismo virus (que en esta etapa es altamente infeccioso), tan tempranamente como hasta 7 dias después de haber ocurrido el contacto sexual fatal (antigeno P24, PCR, pruebas de DNA/RNA, NAT blood screening). En paises como USA, Canadá, Australia, el añadido del test : p24 antigen/HIV, al usual : ELISA/ HIV, ha reducido el riesgo de adquirir HIV, con sangre transfundida a cifras tan bajas, como 1 caso por cada 450 000-660 000 unidades de sangre tamizadas y transfundidas. El Dr. Patrick Cogghlany de la cadena de bancos de sangre australiana arguye que en su pais ocurre 1 caso de HIV por cada 1 200 000 de unidades de sangre trasfundida. En todo USA (desde 1985 a la fecha), apenas se han documentado 40 casos de HIV asociada a transfusión de sangre.
Aparte de la mejora logística y la sofisticación técnica de ciertos tests, existen otros sistemas preventivos : a) transfundir sangre solo cuando sea estrictamente necesario. JRD, recibió una transfusión de sangre a causa de sangrado genital, promovido por la presencia de miomas uterinos. Hubiese bastado suministrarle hierro oral diariamente, desde digamos unos 2 meses antes de la operación (que de otro lado fué electiva). b) Existia tambien la posibilidad de que le practicaran 1 autotransfusión sanguinea (sangre de ella misma, extraida y almacenada con anterioridad). c) Diversas tesis de medicina (UPCH.1993:Gil Malca Perez Marco),revelan un exceso de transfusiones sanguíneas, concluyendo que la mayoria de transfusiones de una única unidad de sangre, son innececesarias (pueden ser remplazadas por soluciones salinas). d) Para minimizar el riesgo de HIV, algunos bancos de sangre transfunden sangre sin leucocitos. e) Luego está el asunto de los cuestionarios realizados a todo donador de sangre, donde es fundamental obtener respuestas verdaderas del pasado reciente (últimos 3 meses), en torno al empleo de jeringas inadecuadas, relaciones sexuales de alto riesgo (con personas con sida o, sin preservativos), o consumo de drogas. A lo mejor las preguntas necesitan ser más especificas. A lo mejor habria que incorporar psicólogos para detectar y canalizar a potenciales falseadores de información. f) A lo mejor se necesita implementar una red nacional computarizada que identifique a todos los donadores. g) Y luego el asunto de la calidad de los reactivos. Un trabajo pocedente de Nigeria , reportando 1 caso de HIV, por cada 34 000 unidades de sangre transfundida, atribuye la alta frecuencia de HIV asociada a transfusiones a la mala calidad de los reactivos.
PERU: HIV RISK RELATED TO BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
The certain thing is that antibodies against HIV, are produced 3 weeks after the infection, being detectable, 4-6 weeks after happened the infection. One finishes asking oneself -where- the virus of HIV is located, during that period. The formal logic and our common sense, indicate us that different methods must exist (to those of the mere identification of antibodies), to detect the virus of the HIV. Although expensive, these exists, being able to detect the virus (that of another side in this stage is highly infectious), as early as up to 7 days after to have happened the fatal sexual contact (antigen P24, PCR, tests of DNA/RNA, NAT blood screening). In countries like USA, Canada, Australia, the adding of the test p24 antigen/HIV, to the usual one: ELISA/HIV, has reduced the risk of acquiring HIV, with transfused blood to so low numbers : 1 case by each 450 000-660 000 transfused units of blood. The Dr. Patrick Cogghlany of the Australian network of blood banks said that in his country it happens 1 case of HIV by each 1 200 000 of transfused units blood. In all USA (from 1985 to the date), as soon as 40 cases of HIV associated to blood transfusion have been documented. The contamination of an Australian girl with VIH, in an infantile hospital of Melbourne (after 9 years of not having a single similar case, in all the nation), forced to australian authorities of health to review its logistics and not to throw the fault to the window period. By the way, the Peruvian ministers of health, never have alluded to human errors (in the collection, screening, storing, registry or discarding of blood units), like causal of this negligence. Assuming for 4 great hospitals of Lima, an average of 40 000 annual donations of blood (400 000 in 10 years), the reported cases of HIV in the last 10 years in public hospitals of Lima, will give an average of 10-18 cases by each 400 000 units of donated and screened blood, a number very high, attributable but to logistic faults, than to window periods.
According to Lackritz EM et al (NEJM, 1995) and GB Screiber et al (NEJM: 1996), authors of classic articles around risks of acquiring HIV by blood transfusions, the human error always is present and the frequency of risk is increased according to the quality of the organization of blood banks. In Thailand, Kenya and Nigeria (Lancet. 2001 Aug 25; 358 (9282): 657-60. Moore A, Herrera G), almost always attribute their high risks of acquiring HIV by blood transfusions to laboratory errors. In this point, the Dr Gotuzzo seems to incur in a contradiction, when guaranteeing the proposal (that is very well), to create centralized blood banks donations “because in principle it will reduces the possibility of receiving infected donations”, recognizing in certain way the feasibility of human errors and technical weaknesses. By the way, one always asked oneself why there are no similar reports coming from hospitals of the Peruvian Social Security?.
Aside from logistic improvement and certain technical sophistication of the tests, another preventive measures exist: a) transfuse blood units only when it is strictly necessary. JRD, received a unit of blood transfusion because of genital bled, promoted by the presence of uterine miomas. It had been enough to provide her oral iron, from we say about 2 months before the operation (that of another side was elective). b) Also exists the possibility that she received 1 unit of autologous blood :(blood of herself, extracted and stored previously). c) Diverse medical thesis reveal an excess of blood transfusions, concluding that most of 1 transfusions are innececesaries (can be replaced by saline solutions). d) In order to diminish the risk of HIV, some blood banks transfused blood without leukocytes. e) There is also the problem of questionnaires made to all donor of blood, where it is fundamental to obtain true answers of their recent past history (last 3 months), around the use of inadequate syringes, sexual relations of high risk (with people with AIDS or, without preservatives), or drug consumption. Perhaps the questionnaires need to be but specific. Perhaps it is nedded to incorporate psychologists to detect true information from lier people. f) Perhaps it is needed to implement a computerized national network that identifies all donors. g) And then the subject of quality of the reagents. A work coming from Nigeria with the signature of Odunukwe et al, reporting 1 case of HIV, by each 34 000 units of blood transfused, attributes the high frequency of HIV associated to transfusions to bad quality of reagents. Emergencies like this cannot be solved closing blood donation banks. Like in all human things that works well, the basic thing is the control: to make controls of external quality, permanently. Not having to attribute to the window period the cause of all the contaminations, while basic technical problems are not surpassed. At the same time that to put his charge position to disposition of Alan Garcia, the Minister of Health, must to inform to the country that being the human life the appraised good but into our country, many of these negligences seat in the low budget assigned to his sector (2.5%), knowing that in developed countries 15% of the national budget is given to Health. With it, adequate remunerated technical personnel would work better, will be better enabled, there will be better reagents, permanent supervisions, etc.
2 Comments:
Interesante post.
La educación y la salud como siempre son dejados de lado por todos los gobiernos de turno.
En la mayoria de paises desarrollados la triada : salud, vivienda (para los jóvenes) y educación, acaparan el 50% del presupuesto nacional.atte. vmm.
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