Aprendiendo de China
Entre 1990 y el 2004, China continental, exportó 8 veces más que lo usual, ingresando a sus arcas un promedio de : 380 000 millones de dólares/año. Su PNB (1,4 trillones de dólares), se expande actualmente, a razón del 9 %, anual, en tanto sus reservas acumuladas, rozan los 514 000 millones de dólares. China, capta 48 000 millones de dólares/anuales, por inversión extranjera directa, considerándosela actualmente, la sexta potencia económica del mundo.Como logró China, tan espectacular crecimiento y, que lecciones podríamos aprender de este suceso?.
Siendo justos, diremos que el artífice de estos logros fué : Deng Tsiao Ping, el pequeño y pragmático presidente, sucesor de Mao. Teng reencaminó a China, al amparo de las " 4 modernizaciones":
1-Liberalización de la producción agrícola. En Sichuan, Teng, realizo "contratos", con familias campesinas, a las que les accesó plantar lo que quisieran, a cambio de una cuota para el estado, permitiéndoles vender el excedente, al mercado. Gracias a ello y en solo 3 años (1976-1979), la producción agrícola se incrementó un 24%. Empezaron a emerger entonces, pequeños empresarios y empresas procesadoras de alimentos. En pequeño, acá en el Perú, este proceso yá se ha iniciado en Lambayeque,Virú y la zona sur de Nasca Paracas, con la producción de espárragos y algodón, exportables. Ahora, hay que musculizar estas zonas, anexándole más áreas colindantes. es importante darles valor agregado a los productos agricolas. Según el semanario peruano Caretas, estas areas tuvieron un crecimiento económico mayor que el de Lima. Al menos para 3 paises latinos : Chile, Argentina y Brasil, no han pasado desapercibidas las necesidades del gigante asiático : soya, vinos, legumbres, fruta, pescado,etc. Pero los chinos también invierten. Lo hacen en Brasil y Argentina, en cemento, algodón, cultivo de soya, petróleo y maderas. No por gusto China, es hoy en dia el segundo importador de petróleo, cemento, carbón y acero del mundo. A causa de lo barato de sus manufacturas, China ha convertido a USA en uno de sus masivos consumidores.
2-Atraer inversión extranjera. Para ello los chinos establecieron: zonas exportadoras, en las que los impuestos y trámites legales, eran casi inexistentes. Se daba al inversionista extranjero o nacional, todas las facilidades. Teng, pragmático a ultranza, decia "no importa de que color es el gato, lo importante es que cace ratones". Aunque Teng, liberalizó la economía, no hizo lo mismo con el sistema politico.Finalmente formó por necesidad, especialistas en derecho internacional y muchos cientificos.En el Perú, la inversión minera, sería un éxito total, si no fuera por la contaminación ambiental no corregida, que acarrea. De otro lado, el dinero de las mineras han permitido a los peruanos, relanzar otros proyectos energéticos, como :Bayóvar y Las Bambas.
3-Creación de zonas especiales, localizadas de preferencia en areas costeras, sobre todo en la desembocadura del rio Perla. Con bajos impuestos, China logró que muchas industrias taiwanesas asienten en esta área. En poco tiempo la población cercana a la Perla, se incrementó de 4, a 46 millones. Desde 1990 y, a partir de estas zonas, China, empezó a exportar masivamente. Hablando de puertos, el Perú tiene muchos, aunque habría que reacondicionarlos para la exportación.
4-China redefinió su diplomacia, entendiéndola como una extensión de sus intereses domésticos.En tanto débil para enfrentar a USA, prefiere negociar y no entrometerse en asuntos vitales para los americanos (Iraq, por ejemplo). El pragmatismo chino se ha dejado sentir a propósito de la ultima revaluación del yuan (2, 1%, en Julio reciente), lo que condicionará que sus manufacturas baratas, cuesten algo más, condición necesaria para evitar medidas proteccionistas de parte de USA y seguir negociando -dadas las quejas de competencia desleal-. Y, aunque esto beneficiará a la India (que también vende barato), China ha logrado a cambio una mayor apertura de USA, adquiriendo recientemente, la segunda compañia petrolera americana, la UNOCAL. A propósito, un trabajo en conjunto en economía, hombro a hombro, con Chile, no haría que superemos los estragos de la guerra?. Pués claro que sí. Si nó, miren a China negociando muy contenta, con sus "antiguos enemigos": Japón, India y Rusia.
En tanto China, priorizó los logros económicos, a los sociales, este parece ser el camino para aquellos países que apuesten por mejoras económicas, rápidas.
Links:1-Turrent,Isabel.2005.El secreto del dragón. Letras libres. Febrero.2005 2-Spence D.Jonathan.La China de antes y la del futuro.Letras libres.Febrero 2005.3-Revista Caretas, Lima: 4/8/05.Tres mitades del mensaje,pp:14.4-Stein,Ben. Don't worry about China.Learn from it. NYTimes :31/07/2005 5-Roach,Stephen.Give China credit.Time,August 1,2005.
Learning from China
Between 1990 and 2004, Chinese continental, exported 8 times more than usual, entering its coffers an average of: 380 000 million dollars/year. Their G.D.P (1.4 trillions of dollars), expands at the moment, at the rate of of 9 %, annual, in as much their accumulated reserves, clear the 514 000 million dollars. China, catches 48 000 million dollars/year, by direct foreign investment, considering it at the moment, the sixth economic power of the world. How China obtained, so spectacular growth and, whatt lessons we could learn of this event.
Being right, we will say that the creator of these profits was: Deng Tsiao Ping, the small and pragmatic president, successor of Mao. Teng reguided China, under protection of the "4 modernizations":
1-Liberalization of the agricultural production. In Sichuan, Teng, make "contracts", with families farmers, to whom he gave the opportunity to cultivate what they wanted, in exchange for a quota for the state, allowing them to sell the excess, to the market. Thanks to single it and in 3 years (1976-1979), the agricultural production was increased a 24%. They began to emerge then, small industralists and companies food processors. In small, here in Peru, this process already has begun in Lambayeque, Virú and the South zone of Nasca Paracas, with the production of asparagus and cotton for export. Now, it is necessary to add muscle to these zones, annexing to him more linked areas. It is important to give added value to agricultural products. According to the Peruvian weekly magazine Caretas, these areas had an economic growth greater than the one of Lima. For 3 countries at least Latin: Chile, Argentina and Brazil, are no passed unnoticed the necessities of the Asian giant: soya, wines, vegetables, fruit, fish, etc. But the Chinese also invest. They do it in Brazil and Argentina, in cement, cotton, culture of soya, petroleum and wood. Not in vain Chinese, is today in day the second importer of petroleum, cement, coal and steel of the world. Because of the cheap thing of its manufactures, China has turned the USA in one of its massive consumers.
2-Bring foreign investment. For it the Chinese established: exporting zones, in which the legal taxes and proceedings, were almost nonexistent. Teng gave to the foreign or national investor, all the facilities. Teng, pragmatic at any cost, said "do not concern of which color is the cat, the important thing is that it hunts mice". Although Teng, liberalized the economy, did not do the same with the political system.Finally formed by necessity, specialists in international right and many scientifics. In Peru, the mining investment, would be a total success, if not outside by the not corrected environmental contamination, that carries. Of another side, the money of the miners has allowed the Peruvians, to relaunch other power projects, like:Bayóvar and the Bambas.
3-Creation of special zones, located of preference in coastal areas, mainly in the opening of Pearl river. With low taxes, China obtained that many Taiwanese industries seat in this area. In just a short time the population near the Pearl zone, was increased from 4, to 46 million. From 1990 and, from these zones, China, began to export massively. Speaking of ports, Peru has many, although it would be necessary to arrange them for the export.
4-China redefined its diplomacy, understanding it as an extension of its domestic interests.In as much weak facing the USA, it prefers negotiate and not to interfere in vital subjects for the Americans (Iraq, for example). The Chinese pragmatism has been let feel with regard to complete revaluation of yuan (2, 1%, in recent July), which will condition that their cheap manufactures, cost something more, step necessary to avoid protectionistic measures from the USA and to continue negotiating - given the complaints of disloyal competition -. and, although this will benefit the India (that also sells cheap), China has obtained in return a greater opening of the USA, acquiring recently, the second largest American oil company, the UNOCAL. To intention, a work altogether in economy, shoulder to shoulder, with Chile, would not cause that we surpass the damage of the war?. Yes. If not, watches China negotiating very happy with their "old enemies": Japan, India and Russia.
In as much Chinese, it prioritized the economic profits, to the social ones, this seems to be the way for those countries that bet by fast economic improvements.
Between 1990 and 2004, Chinese continental, exported 8 times more than usual, entering its coffers an average of: 380 000 million dollars/year. Their G.D.P (1.4 trillions of dollars), expands at the moment, at the rate of of 9 %, annual, in as much their accumulated reserves, clear the 514 000 million dollars. China, catches 48 000 million dollars/year, by direct foreign investment, considering it at the moment, the sixth economic power of the world. How China obtained, so spectacular growth and, whatt lessons we could learn of this event.
Being right, we will say that the creator of these profits was: Deng Tsiao Ping, the small and pragmatic president, successor of Mao. Teng reguided China, under protection of the "4 modernizations":
1-Liberalization of the agricultural production. In Sichuan, Teng, make "contracts", with families farmers, to whom he gave the opportunity to cultivate what they wanted, in exchange for a quota for the state, allowing them to sell the excess, to the market. Thanks to single it and in 3 years (1976-1979), the agricultural production was increased a 24%. They began to emerge then, small industralists and companies food processors. In small, here in Peru, this process already has begun in Lambayeque, Virú and the South zone of Nasca Paracas, with the production of asparagus and cotton for export. Now, it is necessary to add muscle to these zones, annexing to him more linked areas. It is important to give added value to agricultural products. According to the Peruvian weekly magazine Caretas, these areas had an economic growth greater than the one of Lima. For 3 countries at least Latin: Chile, Argentina and Brazil, are no passed unnoticed the necessities of the Asian giant: soya, wines, vegetables, fruit, fish, etc. But the Chinese also invest. They do it in Brazil and Argentina, in cement, cotton, culture of soya, petroleum and wood. Not in vain Chinese, is today in day the second importer of petroleum, cement, coal and steel of the world. Because of the cheap thing of its manufactures, China has turned the USA in one of its massive consumers.
2-Bring foreign investment. For it the Chinese established: exporting zones, in which the legal taxes and proceedings, were almost nonexistent. Teng gave to the foreign or national investor, all the facilities. Teng, pragmatic at any cost, said "do not concern of which color is the cat, the important thing is that it hunts mice". Although Teng, liberalized the economy, did not do the same with the political system.Finally formed by necessity, specialists in international right and many scientifics. In Peru, the mining investment, would be a total success, if not outside by the not corrected environmental contamination, that carries. Of another side, the money of the miners has allowed the Peruvians, to relaunch other power projects, like:Bayóvar and the Bambas.
3-Creation of special zones, located of preference in coastal areas, mainly in the opening of Pearl river. With low taxes, China obtained that many Taiwanese industries seat in this area. In just a short time the population near the Pearl zone, was increased from 4, to 46 million. From 1990 and, from these zones, China, began to export massively. Speaking of ports, Peru has many, although it would be necessary to arrange them for the export.
4-China redefined its diplomacy, understanding it as an extension of its domestic interests.In as much weak facing the USA, it prefers negotiate and not to interfere in vital subjects for the Americans (Iraq, for example). The Chinese pragmatism has been let feel with regard to complete revaluation of yuan (2, 1%, in recent July), which will condition that their cheap manufactures, cost something more, step necessary to avoid protectionistic measures from the USA and to continue negotiating - given the complaints of disloyal competition -. and, although this will benefit the India (that also sells cheap), China has obtained in return a greater opening of the USA, acquiring recently, the second largest American oil company, the UNOCAL. To intention, a work altogether in economy, shoulder to shoulder, with Chile, would not cause that we surpass the damage of the war?. Yes. If not, watches China negotiating very happy with their "old enemies": Japan, India and Russia.
In as much Chinese, it prioritized the economic profits, to the social ones, this seems to be the way for those countries that bet by fast economic improvements.
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