DINO'S GIGANTISM.
Why certain dinosaurs -especially saurópods - did they reach gigantic sizes?. According to Martin Sander (U/Bonn), if the rule of Cope is valid (gradual increase of size in phylogenetic lineage), the mass reached by saurópods would depend of the limits of the design of its body general plan. Hokkanen (1986) and Benton (1989), has estimated this limits in 150 tons, for terrestrial vertebrates, to function of muscular force and necessary skeleton to mobilize the body. Big sizes have selective advantages (better defense, but capacity predatory, more acceptable foods, but success to mating, in inter and intra specifics competitions, but longevity, but intelligence, better survival under adverse conditions) and, also disadvantages (bigger time of development pre and post natal, bigger demand of resources, but extinction risk, ability diminished to adapt to periods of low abundance). Now, scientific of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Biology of Sauropod Dinosaurs: Evolution of Gigantism) and Switzerland investigates from the 2004, the causes of saurópod gigantism (hervibores with about 120 types, some of 40 m of long, 17 m of high, 100 ton of weight), with the help of an impressive interdisciplinary project.
Until recently the gigantism of dragonflies of the Carboniferous and of sauropods was attributed to a decrease of the oxygenate (O2). But Hengst et al (1996), when demonstrating that Apatosaurus, alone could have been developed in atmospheres with atmospheric content of 02 of the order of 30%, has placed these statements in interdict. Now: Sander and Marcus Clauss (U/Zurich), have suggested 3 reasons for the gigantism of saurópods: I) they didn't chew, they swallowed their foods, with which a lingering digestion, allowed to extract but energy. When not requiring teeth, they had a head of relatively small size, mounted on a long neck compensated with a long tail. It is difficult (although not impossible, due to the presence of airbags in their cervical vertebras) that sauropods has stretched its necks vertically, due to heart and arterial blood pressure problems. II) they would have had a breathing system similar to that of birds, distributed by the whole body. The bones of saurópods have airbags systems, facilitating a quick distribution of O2 -for the whole body- and of metabolism. III) they should have a flexible metabolism, unique way of explaining the fast growth of these giants (from 10 kg to little of being born, up to 50 ton in alone 20 to 30 years). A metabolism that required energy saving and cooling while size was won, to avoid body overheating. IV) The saurópods should have been oviparous, unique way of recovering quickly from suddenly extinctions.
GIGANTISMO de DINOSAURIOS
Until recently the gigantism of dragonflies of the Carboniferous and of sauropods was attributed to a decrease of the oxygenate (O2). But Hengst et al (1996), when demonstrating that Apatosaurus, alone could have been developed in atmospheres with atmospheric content of 02 of the order of 30%, has placed these statements in interdict. Now: Sander and Marcus Clauss (U/Zurich), have suggested 3 reasons for the gigantism of saurópods: I) they didn't chew, they swallowed their foods, with which a lingering digestion, allowed to extract but energy. When not requiring teeth, they had a head of relatively small size, mounted on a long neck compensated with a long tail. It is difficult (although not impossible, due to the presence of airbags in their cervical vertebras) that sauropods has stretched its necks vertically, due to heart and arterial blood pressure problems. II) they would have had a breathing system similar to that of birds, distributed by the whole body. The bones of saurópods have airbags systems, facilitating a quick distribution of O2 -for the whole body- and of metabolism. III) they should have a flexible metabolism, unique way of explaining the fast growth of these giants (from 10 kg to little of being born, up to 50 ton in alone 20 to 30 years). A metabolism that required energy saving and cooling while size was won, to avoid body overheating. IV) The saurópods should have been oviparous, unique way of recovering quickly from suddenly extinctions.
GIGANTISMO de DINOSAURIOS
Porque ciertos dinosaurios -especialmente los saurópodos- alcanzaron tamaños gigantescos?. Según Martin Sander (U/bonn), si la regla de Cope es válida (incremento gradual de tamaño en el linaje filogenético), el volumen alcanzado por los saurópodos dependería de los limites del diseño de su plan general corporal. Hokkanen (1986) y Benton (1989), estiman este limite en 150 toneladas, para vertebrados terrestres, a función de la fuerza muscular y esqueleto necesario para movilizar el organismo. Los grandes tamaños tienen ventajas selectivas (mejor defensa, mas capacidad predatoria, más alimentos aceptables, mas éxito para hallar parejas, en la competencia inter e intra especifica, mas longevidad, mas inteligencia, mejor supervivencia en condiciones adversas) y, también desventajas (mayor tiempo de desarrollo pre y post natal, mayor demanda de recursos, mas riesgo de extinción, habilidad disminuida para adaptarse a periodos de baja abundancia). Ahora, científicos del Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Biology of Sauropod Dinosaurs: Evolution of Gigantism) y Suiza investigan desde el 2004, las causas del gigantismo de saurópodos (herviboros conformantes de unos 120 tipos, algunos de 40 m de largo, 17 m de alto, 100 ton de peso), al amparo de un impresionante proyecto interdisciplinario.
Hasta hace poco se atribuía el gigantismo de libélulas del Carbonifero y de saurópodos a una disminución del oxigeno (O2). Pero Hengst et al. (1996), al demostrar que el Apatosaurus, solo pudo haberse desarrollado en atmósferas con contenido de 02 atmosférico del orden del 30 %, ha colocado estas afirmaciones en entredicho. Ahora: Sander y Marcus Vlauss (U/Zurich), han sugerido 3 razones para el gigantismo de los saurópodos: I) No masticaban, tragaban sus alimentos, con lo que una prolongada digestión, permitia extraer mas energía. Al no requerir dientes, disponían de una cabeza de tamaño relativamente pequeño, montada sobre un largo cuello contrapesado con una larga cola. Es dificil (aunque no imposible, por la presencia de bolsas de aire en sus vertebras cervicales), que hubiesen estirado sus cuellos verticalmente, por problemas cardiacos y de presión arterial. II) Habrian dispuesto de un sistema respiratorio semejante al de las aves, distribuido por todo el cuerpo. Los huesos de los saurópodos cuentan con sistemas de bolsas de aire, posibilitadores de una rápida distribución del O2, por todo el cuerpo facilitando el metabolismo. III) Debian disponer de un metabolismo flexible, único modo de explicar el velóz crecimiento de estos gigantes (de 10 kg a poco de nacer, hasta 50 ton en solo 20 a 30 años). Un metabolismo que requería ahorro de energía y enfriamiento mientras se ganaba talla, para evitar el sobrecalentamiento corporal. IV) Los saurópodos debían haber sido ovíparos, único modo de reponerse rápidamente de imprevistas extinciones.
Labels: Sauropods
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