Se ha detenido la evolución?.
Rensch (1980:60-100), zoólogo de raza ha puesto en duda que chimpancés u, otras especies actuales, debidamente constituídas pudiesen continuar evolucionando hacia Homo sapiens sapiens (seres humanos), porque según él, una véz que las especies han evolucionado hacia determinada complejidad, agotan totalmente su potencial evolutivo. Esta posición es un dogma biológico, como también lo és, el que la información genética fluya del DNA al RNA y, de ahí hacia las proteínas; nunca en sentido contrario (Crick,1958). Pero en 1970, se descubrieron retrovirus que transfieren -Oh¡ sorpresa, información del RNA al DNA (Brown,1992:52), poniendo al dogma contra la pared. De otro lado y según Jacobs (1996:577-81), algunos prosimios pueden regresionar su visión dicromática a monocromática, según las circunstancias.Es decir que en principio es posible evolucionar hacia formas más complejas, como también hacia formas inferiores (aunque esto último, sea por el momento, más dificil).
Pero, ¿continuamos aún evolucionado, los seres humanos y el resto de las especies?.Por supuesto, lo que sucede es que los cambios son lentos, casi imperceptibles. "Se vén", solo después de muchos años. Los cráneos de los primeros peruanos (13 000 años a.C. por ejemplo, tenían discretas prominencias occipitales -para anclar poderosos músculos masticatorios-reminiscencias de nuestros primos los chimpancés y 4 poderosos molares; hoy tenemos 3. Del mismo modo los camélidos peruanos (llama, vicuña, alpaca y guanaco), nacieron de un tronco común y de conjunto con los actuales dromedarios africanos. La diferencia de habitáts, a lo largo de los años los ha diferenciado, pero no tornado irreconocibles.
Estos temas importan, porque ¿que pasaria si algún tóxico expansivo arrollara mortalmente a la totalidad de la especie humana? que ¿sí algún programa eugenésico mundial desarrollado por algún gobierno totalitario del futuro, fracasase dejando consecuencias irreparables en nuestra especie?.La genética ya esta en nuestros aparatos digestivos ¿acaso no estamos consumiendo yá alimentos transgénicos?¿acaso no se están trasplantando yá células humanas a, primates?no estamos yá, a punto de crear la primera bacteria, mediante inserciones de genes?
Por cierto las especies (grupos de poblaciones reproductivamente aisladas unas de otras, conformantes de unidades de evolución independiente (Ayala 1980:95-96), tienen como base diferencias genéticas, de fondo. Paabo (1997:19-30), ha encontrado : 27 alelos, reemplazados en 100 loci de Homo neardentalis, concluyendo que estos hombres rudos, conformaban especies humanas independientes, incapaces de cruzarse con los H.sapiens s. Hoy sabemos que la especiación se produce por aislamientos geográficos y posterior emergencia de genes beneficiosos y perjudiciales para la fertilización (Fisher,1931). Empero estos limites establecidos por la naturaleza para evitar cruces entre especies, podrían romperse, pronto.
Así, un chimpancé podría acelerar su conversión hacia un H. sapiens s., en ciertas circunstancias especiales, por ejemplo, cuando pequeños grupos humanos o, sobrevivientes de enfermedades diezmadoras, colonizan nuevas islas fértiles. Los humanos remanentes (cuello de botella poblacional), sufren entonces violentos barajamientos genéticos (deriva genética, evento fundacional,inbreeding), generando nuevas especies.
Otro modo de evolucionar -raudamente- sería insertar en chimpancés (en estadios de células madres o, blastocistos), los escasos 1, 5% genes humanos que nos diferencian de ellos, luego de descubrir us funciones por supuesto. Trás ello, nos veríamos forzados a recrear para ellos, adecuadas condicionantes medioambientales, porque las nuevas especies se conforman entre el tira y afloja, existente entre genes-medio circundante. Influencia refrendada una vez más, en un estudio aparecido en BBC-online-Science, en el que se refiere que a fin de direccionar a los félidos hacia la ingesta rutinaria de carne, la selección natural, no tuvo mejor ocurrencia que anular en ellos a los genes relacionados con el gusto por el azúcar.
Del análisis de los restos óseos de Proconsul nyanzyae (un primo nuestro, que habitó en el Africa, entre los 26-12 millones de años a.C.), sabemos que la autotransfromación (evolución), de esta especie se viabiliza mediante un mosaicismo que troca inicalmente su cara de chimpancé por otra de antropomorfo, en tanto la totalidad de su esqueleto permanece adherido a normas chimpanceiformes. Especie de conversión, por partes.
Pero tampoco se crea que los chimpancés actuales sean "hombres frustrados". Las formas actuales de las distintas especies, fueron conformadas por la selección natural en concordancia con las exigencias impostergables de las circunstancias. Es decir y de acuerdo con ello, se privilegió el olfato o, el gusto de una especie particular, a expensas de un mayor tamaño cerebral por ejemplo y, viceversa.
Links:1-Renchs,Berhard.1980.Homo sapiens sapiens.De animal a semidios. Alianza editorial, Madrid 2-Paabo Svante.1995.The Y chromosome and the origin of all us(Men).Science.268:1141-43 3-Fisher.RA.1930.The genetic theory of natural selection Clarandon Press, Oxford. 4-Ayala Francisco.1980.Origen y evolución del hombre.Alianza Editorial, Madrid.5-Crick,Francis.1978. El código genético :I-II.Selecciones de Scientific American.Ed. Blume.Madrid. 6-BrownTA.1992.Genetics :a molecular approach.Chapman and Hall, London .7- Jacobs H Gerald.1996.Primate photopigments and primate color vision.PNAS.93:577-81. 8-BBC Online.Science.01.August.2005. Why cats don't go for sweet foods? 9-Rifkin Jeremy.Los angeles times. April. 7th. 2005. Efforts to make human animals hybrids must be stopped.
Has the evolution stopped?.
Rensch (1980:60-100), race zoologist has put in doubt that present chimpanzees or, other species, properly constituted could continue evolving towards Homo sapiens sapiens (human beings), because according to him, once véz the species have evolved towards certain complexity, exhausts totally their evolutionary potential. This position is a biological dogma, like the same that establishes that genetic information flows from DNA to the RNA and, from there towards proteins; never in opposite sense (Crick, 1958). But in 1970, there were discovered retrovirus that can transfer - Oh¡ surprise, information from RNA to the DNA (Brown, 1992:52), putting the dogma against the wall. On another side and according to Jacobs (1996:577-81), some prosimios can regresion their dicromátic vision to monochrome, according to circunstances. that is to say that in principle it is possible to evolve towards more complex forms, as also towards inferior forms (although this last one, is at the moment, difficult).
But, are we, the human beings and the rest of the species still evolving?. Of course, what really happens is that the changes are slow, almost imperceptible "they are seen", single after many years. The skulls of the first Peruvian (13 000 years a.C. for example, had discreet occipitals prominences - to anchor powerful chewing muscles-reminiscens of our cousins :the chimpanzees and 4 molares; today we have only 3. In the same way the Peruvian camelidaes (it calls, vicuña,llama, alpaca and guanaco), were born of a common trunk and set with the present African dromedars. The difference of habitáts, throughout the years has differentiated them, but not returned unrecognizable.
These subjects matter, because what would happen if some expansive toxic poisoned mortally to the totality of the human species? what if some world-wide eugenic program developed by some totalitarian government of the future, failed already leaving irreparable genetic consequences in our specie?. The genetic changes are present yet in our digestive system, because aren't we consuming transgénics foods already? are not already human cells transplanted to primates brains? aren't we already, on the verge of creating the first bacterium, by means of insertions of genes?
By the way the species (groups of reproductively isolated populations, conforming units of independent evolution (Ayala 1980:95-96), have as it bases genetic differences, of bottom. Paabo (1997:19-30), has found: 27 aleles, replaced in 100 loci of Homo neardentalis, concluding that these robust men, conformed independent human species, incapable to cross with H.sapiens s. Today we know that the speciacion takes place by geographic isolation and the later emergency of genes beneficial and detrimental for the fertilization (Fisher, 1931). However these limits established by the nature to avoid crossings between species, could be broken, soon.
On the other hand, a chimpanzee could accelerate its conversion towards a H. sapiens s, in certain special circunstances, for example, when small human groups or, survivors of fatally diseases, colonize new fertile islands. The human surpluses (neck of population bottle), undergo then violent genetic mixtures (it derives genetics, original event, inbreeding), generating new species.
Another way to evolve - very fast- would be to insert in chimpanzees (in stages of stem cells or, blastocists), the small :1, 5% of human genes that establishes distances from them, of course after discovering their functions. After that , we would be forced to recreate for them, suitable environmental conditions, because the new species are satisfied between the strip and relaxes, existing between surroundings and genes. Authenticated influence once again, in a study appeared in BBC-online-Science, in which it talks about that in order to direct the félines towards the routine ingestion of meat, the natural selection, did not have better occurrence than to annul in them the genes related to the taste by the sugar.
Of the analysis of the bony rest of Proconsul nyanzyae (a cousin ours, that lived in Africa, between the 26-12 million years a.C.), we know that the self-transfromation (evolution), of this species takes place by means of mosaicism that change first its face of chimpanzee by another one of anthropomorphous, in as much as the totality of its skeleton remains adhered to chimpanceiformes norms. It is a litle by litle evolution.
But one does not believe either that the present chimpanzees are "frustrated men". The present forms of the different species, were conformed by the natural selection in agreement with the stressing circumstances of the times. It is to say and in agreement with it, the sense of smell was privileged or, the taste of a particular species, to expenses of a greater cerebral size for example and, vice versa.
Rensch (1980:60-100), race zoologist has put in doubt that present chimpanzees or, other species, properly constituted could continue evolving towards Homo sapiens sapiens (human beings), because according to him, once véz the species have evolved towards certain complexity, exhausts totally their evolutionary potential. This position is a biological dogma, like the same that establishes that genetic information flows from DNA to the RNA and, from there towards proteins; never in opposite sense (Crick, 1958). But in 1970, there were discovered retrovirus that can transfer - Oh¡ surprise, information from RNA to the DNA (Brown, 1992:52), putting the dogma against the wall. On another side and according to Jacobs (1996:577-81), some prosimios can regresion their dicromátic vision to monochrome, according to circunstances. that is to say that in principle it is possible to evolve towards more complex forms, as also towards inferior forms (although this last one, is at the moment, difficult).
But, are we, the human beings and the rest of the species still evolving?. Of course, what really happens is that the changes are slow, almost imperceptible "they are seen", single after many years. The skulls of the first Peruvian (13 000 years a.C. for example, had discreet occipitals prominences - to anchor powerful chewing muscles-reminiscens of our cousins :the chimpanzees and 4 molares; today we have only 3. In the same way the Peruvian camelidaes (it calls, vicuña,llama, alpaca and guanaco), were born of a common trunk and set with the present African dromedars. The difference of habitáts, throughout the years has differentiated them, but not returned unrecognizable.
These subjects matter, because what would happen if some expansive toxic poisoned mortally to the totality of the human species? what if some world-wide eugenic program developed by some totalitarian government of the future, failed already leaving irreparable genetic consequences in our specie?. The genetic changes are present yet in our digestive system, because aren't we consuming transgénics foods already? are not already human cells transplanted to primates brains? aren't we already, on the verge of creating the first bacterium, by means of insertions of genes?
By the way the species (groups of reproductively isolated populations, conforming units of independent evolution (Ayala 1980:95-96), have as it bases genetic differences, of bottom. Paabo (1997:19-30), has found: 27 aleles, replaced in 100 loci of Homo neardentalis, concluding that these robust men, conformed independent human species, incapable to cross with H.sapiens s. Today we know that the speciacion takes place by geographic isolation and the later emergency of genes beneficial and detrimental for the fertilization (Fisher, 1931). However these limits established by the nature to avoid crossings between species, could be broken, soon.
On the other hand, a chimpanzee could accelerate its conversion towards a H. sapiens s, in certain special circunstances, for example, when small human groups or, survivors of fatally diseases, colonize new fertile islands. The human surpluses (neck of population bottle), undergo then violent genetic mixtures (it derives genetics, original event, inbreeding), generating new species.
Another way to evolve - very fast- would be to insert in chimpanzees (in stages of stem cells or, blastocists), the small :1, 5% of human genes that establishes distances from them, of course after discovering their functions. After that , we would be forced to recreate for them, suitable environmental conditions, because the new species are satisfied between the strip and relaxes, existing between surroundings and genes. Authenticated influence once again, in a study appeared in BBC-online-Science, in which it talks about that in order to direct the félines towards the routine ingestion of meat, the natural selection, did not have better occurrence than to annul in them the genes related to the taste by the sugar.
Of the analysis of the bony rest of Proconsul nyanzyae (a cousin ours, that lived in Africa, between the 26-12 million years a.C.), we know that the self-transfromation (evolution), of this species takes place by means of mosaicism that change first its face of chimpanzee by another one of anthropomorphous, in as much as the totality of its skeleton remains adhered to chimpanceiformes norms. It is a litle by litle evolution.
But one does not believe either that the present chimpanzees are "frustrated men". The present forms of the different species, were conformed by the natural selection in agreement with the stressing circumstances of the times. It is to say and in agreement with it, the sense of smell was privileged or, the taste of a particular species, to expenses of a greater cerebral size for example and, vice versa.
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