SOUTH POLE WALL

From Astrophysical Journal

IS THE GREAT ATTRACTOR, THE CENTER OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE?

According to Archimedes of Syracuse (287 BC-212 BC), the Greek Aristarchus of Samos (310 BC-230 BC), after calculating with the help of the Pythagorean theorem (569 BC-475 BC), inferred that the Sun was 20 times (currently: 400 times), larger than Earth and therefore smaller planets like Earth had to revolve around the Sun.  Copernicus (1473-1543), would hold the same, albeit with more elaborate theoretical foundations, when addressing the relations between the Earth and the Sun, maintaining that the first rotates around the Sun, by means of movements of rotation, translation and declination, which explained the seasons and the equinoxes. Later, Galileo (1564-1642), with arguments of the causes of the tides, sunspots, rotation of Venus around the Sun, and the presence of satellites rotating around Jupiter -and not around Earth- would solidify the Heliocentric theory. After the discovery of the Milky Way (1610), by Galileo with a simple telescope, cosmology was advanced, although it would take 300 years to stop thinking that our Milky Way, containing our Solar System at its center, was the only one galaxy of our visible universe. In 1920, Edwin Hubble took a Copernican turn to cosmological studies, showing ¡oh, surprise!  that our universe contained many galaxies, therefore being larger and continuing to expand. With more powerful telescopes, Hubble, was locating the position of various galaxies, consolidating a more accurate and detailed cosmic mapping. Noting that the spectral lines of the nebulae were deviated towards the red color (redshift), he understood that most galaxies were expanding. Hubble then said that galaxies were moving away from us at a speed proportional to the distance that separates us from them. The galaxies discovered in the following years allowed the construction of larger maps of the universe, although still imperfect, creating the need to make more discoveries, to create cosmological maps capable of pinpointing the place in the cosmos where our solar system and planet are located.  The most recent cosmological findings related especially to galactic superclusters, are truly disruptive and could determine the awarding of future Nobel Prizes to scientists who generate new knowledge in this area. It has recently been published in the Astrophysical Journal, 2020; 897; 133 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9952, the article: Cosmicflows-3. The South Pole Wall, by Daniel Pomarede (Paris-Saclay University), R. Brent Tully (University of Hawaii) and collaborators, reporting the discovery of a gigantic galactic supercluster, behind the south pole of our visible universe, with views captured by the telescope: NASA Spitzer Space, showing a large-scale structure adjacent to a galactic dust-obscured area, opposite to the Shapley supercluster, behind the Chameleon Nebula, along a strip of ~ 1.37 millions of light years from the Perseus constellation to the Apus constellation in the southern hemisphere. The authors measured the distances of thousands of galaxies in strips of 600 million light years, based on observations of the speeds of   galaxies, as they deviated from those inferred for universal expansion, used to model velocities and 3-D field densities, with adjustments to satisfy the data and the Standard Model of Cosmology, working with topological models that contained filaments, knots, voids and surfaces, forming an interconnected network (cosmic web), with scales of 1 billion light years (20,000km/sec), determining for the first time, the almost exact position of our planet in the visible Universe. Astronomers use the term "redshift," to refer to: a) a referential measure to establish relative distances in the universe, which allows them to discriminate between the motion caused by cosmic expansion, and those caused by gravity  and b) to determine the cosmic flows  (travel paths of stars and galaxies), promoted by universal expansive forces and those induced by gravitational irregularities. According to several authors, the cosmos is flooded by microwave radiation with an average temperature of 2.7 degrees Kelvin, since the start of the Big Bang, being higher in certain sectors, hinting that these microwave strips would be the routes by which the galaxies including our Local Group, travel  in the direction -apparently determined- of the Great Attractor, although according to Tully, the movement towards this super-attractor would not be determined, but would be the result of the confluence of forces of the South Pole Wall and other superclusters, dark matter and gravity. From the South Pole Wall, we will only say that its dimensions are comparable to that of other superclusters (Great Wall, Sloan Great Wall, etc). By forming conglomerate of galaxies (clusters or superclusters), it is noticeable on a large scale, that they are connected to each other by interlocking filament chains producing intricate galactic topological and geometric shapes, including dark and empty spaces, spanning billions of light years. More close to us,  the Milky Way formed  by  small clusters of galaxies (Local Group), appears located near the Virgo cluster, which together with other galaxies are part of a gigantic supercluster: Laniakea, the same that is heading faster than established by Hubble's law, towards the Great Attractor, located just beyond the Centaurus Constellation.

END OF THE UNIVERSE

Taken from Quantamagazine

HOW WILL THE END OF THE UNIVERSE BE?

Although Kathie Mack, a professor of physics at North Carolina State University (USA) and  Simons Fellow of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Waterloo/Canada), has studied Physics,  over time she has acquired an expanded vision thanks to added knowledge of Astrophysics and Cosmology, which allow her to have a perspective of a  full  universe. from the beginning to the end, on small and large scales, studying their evolution over time, finally being able to predict that  the end of the universe will be preceded by a continuous expansion of the universe where galaxies will  be separated more and more from each other, leaving spaces between them getting bigger, foreseeing a slowing down of stars  and galaxies  formation, generating isolation between galaxies. The local group (Milky Way, Andromeda and others), that we inhabit will stop producing stars, the rest of  them falling into black holes that  will evaporate, leaving as their only trace a cold, empty and dark universe with strange particles and radiation. Shortly, before the extinction of the universe and according to an important group of scientists, a terrific   process called : heath death will occur,  associated to an eternal accelerated expansion  of our universe, while others propose a Big Crunch or  a state of  slow, infinite expansion. At the moment, dark energy and the cosmological constant, keep the possibility of a Big Crunch away, because according to Kathie Mack, the result of the action of gravity that holds galaxies together and the dark energy (produced in certain  high density parts of  dark matter), that separates galaxies, will be one that will favor largely to dark energy, predictions almost confirmed by the discoveries of the Wilkinson Microwave Anysotropy Probe (WMAP/1998), which validated the power of dark energy in processes of separation of  galaxies. Because dark matter does not emit electromagnetic radiation and does not interact with light, this matter appears invisible, and we can pass through it. Inside this matter, electrostatic repulsion processes are carried out between particles, generating dark energy which allow the rotation of galaxies, a feat impossible to be done only by gravity. As dark energy is able to increase its density over time, it is capable of rapidly destroying the universe in a finite time, so dark energy is predicted to overcome the power of gravity that unites galaxies, being able to produce major cosmic damage. Another theoretical proposal of extinction of the Universe is the vacumm decay, for  not  being the universe completely stable, since it is known that laws of physics can change with temperature or environmental energy, the occurrence of particle collisions at high energies,  where  laws of physics are slightly different, just like in the early universe, where after a few transitional processes   emerged  a universe  that possessed electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear forces and gravity. That is to say,  any cosmic disturbance could alter the physical laws that we know, resulting  that, at the point in space where these changes begin to occur, it will be possible to observe a true vacuum bubble that, when expanding at the speed of light, through the universe, it will destroy instantly and painlessly, everything without violating any fundamental principle of physics. At the moment, the energy  produced by  dark matter is explained by the collision of particles with each other, creating high-energy particles, in areas where dark matter is more concentrated, that energy power being directly proportional to the square of its density (at higher density, more power), being more concentrated in dark matter halos, where large particle collisions occur, in the very center of galaxies. Such halos would have formed the first galaxies, and if heat is produced in the center of them, it would push the gas out of the halos, slowing down after the formation of the first galaxies. Kathie Mack argues that counteracting gravity with dark energy will bring at some point, the end of our universe, annihilating in an instant any vestige of existing intelligent civilization turning everything built by humans into nothing, in a few seconds. If other civilizations exist in the Universe, perhaps they would be interested in maintaining a certain degree of status quo of the universe and its laws so as not to accelerate processes of destruction, so they could be watching the universe. On the other hand, if the entire cosmos died our lives would have made no sense, says Kathie. However, in the face of this almost deterministic extinction of the Universe, there could be another  -albeit minimal  possibility- of migrating to a nascent or already built universes, by means of teleportation processes of our bodies (transformed into particles, to be reconstructed later) or traveling by wormholes or black holes