END OF THE UNIVERSE

Taken from Quantamagazine

HOW WILL THE END OF THE UNIVERSE BE?

Although Kathie Mack, a professor of physics at North Carolina State University (USA) and  Simons Fellow of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Waterloo/Canada), has studied Physics,  over time she has acquired an expanded vision thanks to added knowledge of Astrophysics and Cosmology, which allow her to have a perspective of a  full  universe. from the beginning to the end, on small and large scales, studying their evolution over time, finally being able to predict that  the end of the universe will be preceded by a continuous expansion of the universe where galaxies will  be separated more and more from each other, leaving spaces between them getting bigger, foreseeing a slowing down of stars  and galaxies  formation, generating isolation between galaxies. The local group (Milky Way, Andromeda and others), that we inhabit will stop producing stars, the rest of  them falling into black holes that  will evaporate, leaving as their only trace a cold, empty and dark universe with strange particles and radiation. Shortly, before the extinction of the universe and according to an important group of scientists, a terrific   process called : heath death will occur,  associated to an eternal accelerated expansion  of our universe, while others propose a Big Crunch or  a state of  slow, infinite expansion. At the moment, dark energy and the cosmological constant, keep the possibility of a Big Crunch away, because according to Kathie Mack, the result of the action of gravity that holds galaxies together and the dark energy (produced in certain  high density parts of  dark matter), that separates galaxies, will be one that will favor largely to dark energy, predictions almost confirmed by the discoveries of the Wilkinson Microwave Anysotropy Probe (WMAP/1998), which validated the power of dark energy in processes of separation of  galaxies. Because dark matter does not emit electromagnetic radiation and does not interact with light, this matter appears invisible, and we can pass through it. Inside this matter, electrostatic repulsion processes are carried out between particles, generating dark energy which allow the rotation of galaxies, a feat impossible to be done only by gravity. As dark energy is able to increase its density over time, it is capable of rapidly destroying the universe in a finite time, so dark energy is predicted to overcome the power of gravity that unites galaxies, being able to produce major cosmic damage. Another theoretical proposal of extinction of the Universe is the vacumm decay, for  not  being the universe completely stable, since it is known that laws of physics can change with temperature or environmental energy, the occurrence of particle collisions at high energies,  where  laws of physics are slightly different, just like in the early universe, where after a few transitional processes   emerged  a universe  that possessed electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear forces and gravity. That is to say,  any cosmic disturbance could alter the physical laws that we know, resulting  that, at the point in space where these changes begin to occur, it will be possible to observe a true vacuum bubble that, when expanding at the speed of light, through the universe, it will destroy instantly and painlessly, everything without violating any fundamental principle of physics. At the moment, the energy  produced by  dark matter is explained by the collision of particles with each other, creating high-energy particles, in areas where dark matter is more concentrated, that energy power being directly proportional to the square of its density (at higher density, more power), being more concentrated in dark matter halos, where large particle collisions occur, in the very center of galaxies. Such halos would have formed the first galaxies, and if heat is produced in the center of them, it would push the gas out of the halos, slowing down after the formation of the first galaxies. Kathie Mack argues that counteracting gravity with dark energy will bring at some point, the end of our universe, annihilating in an instant any vestige of existing intelligent civilization turning everything built by humans into nothing, in a few seconds. If other civilizations exist in the Universe, perhaps they would be interested in maintaining a certain degree of status quo of the universe and its laws so as not to accelerate processes of destruction, so they could be watching the universe. On the other hand, if the entire cosmos died our lives would have made no sense, says Kathie. However, in the face of this almost deterministic extinction of the Universe, there could be another  -albeit minimal  possibility- of migrating to a nascent or already built universes, by means of teleportation processes of our bodies (transformed into particles, to be reconstructed later) or traveling by wormholes or black holes

DARK MATTER, DARK ENERGY and BLACK HOLES

CHALLENGES ON THE BORDERS OF SCIENCE and, HOW TO RESOLVE THEM.

1) Identify problems, choose the main problem (the one that explains the rest). Develop a hypothesis and test it. 2) Analyze the results, assessing the evidence. 3) New and improved hypothesis. Questions and cross-questions to the maximum. Incorporation of contributions and ideas from other scientific areas. New hypothesis and so on, again and again. Let's see 2 cases:

I) First case. Recognized as an interstellar object ("Oumuamua"), by the International Astronomical Union, this entity discovered in October 2017, supposedly natural, has been questioned by the astronomer Abraham Loeb (Harvard University, Astronomy Deparment), given the pretty bizarre features of this, to be an asteroid or a comet of our solar system : a) when passing close to the earth the entity rotated on itself  every 8 hours b) it has a brightness that changes by a factor of 10 c) It  is 5 times longer than wide d) It does not emit much heat e) It  is a good reflector of light, but poorly conservative of it f) It  does not absorb light well g) not much is known about its surface because it has not been possible to take a clear close image of its surface h) The entity  follows a path not governed by the sun's gravity  j) The entity  exhibits an extra force that drives it. Such kind of an object with unusual characteristics and limited data,  has forced Loeb to propose several alternatives for it,   instead of accepting it exclusively as a natural entity, once again dividing an elite of world scientists: a minority that argues that possessing  such unusual features, one possibility  -within several- is that it is an extraterrestrial probe launched by an intelligent civilization, and another represented by scientists not so open minded to ensure that it is a natural object and nothing more. An interdict on the very frontier of science, whose arguments as always bring us back to Plato and dialectics and whose final solution will once again be determined by the evidence. A phenomenon like this with such unusual characteristics can be anything, until it is proven otherwise. 

From quantamagazine

II) The other case corresponds to the enigmatic subject of matter and dark energy and black holes, conforming 95% of our visible universe, for which the theoretical astrophysics of Yale University: Priyamvada Natarajan, has proposed to study them coherently, using various methods including the mapping of them. The central theoretical idea of the ​​Indian astrophysics is to suppose that supermassive black holes are a fundamental part of the structure, the energetic area and the evolution of our universe, due to being located in the center of galaxies, determining the form and other characteristics of the galaxies. A very difficult subject to study located on the same frontier of science. How to demonstrate this theory if the mentioned phenomena are characterized by their invisibility. To face this challenge, the Natarajan, argues to have the stamina, mental clarity and above all know what she is   doing aided by mathematical approaches, quite necessary in this case. 1) She says that one of the first things to do is to understand why all the current physics collapses when we are close to a black hole? auto answering she says:” you need a lot of mathematical support”. 2) She  also argues that there is a certain relationship or interweaving between the mass of the stars in the central part of the galaxies and the central area of ​​the black holes that host them, needing here approximations of theoretical physics, to know how to join the framework  and early growths of these phenomena, simultaneously. 3) Regarding the mapping, the Natarajan argues that the Hubble telescope has provided incredible images to map and analyze dark matter, offering indirect images of this matter when estimating the extension and curvature of the light emitted by different distant galaxies. Adding: "But, not everything depends on the Hubble images. My maps need mathematical orientations especially when small clumps of dark matter are identified, which correlated perfectly with the cold, non-interactive dark matter". In images taken by the Hubble telescope of the cluster galaxy: MACS0416 and of the same image with superimposed blue distribution of dark matter, inferred from the distortion of light from distant galaxies (the background ones), it is observed how supermassive black holes could have initially formed at the center of galaxies. The scientist hopes that with larger telescopes it will be possible to identify bright quasars (luminous galactic centers), supplied by billions of solar masses and black holes, when the universe was only 10% of its current age. Part of the above is supported by the Natarajan in 2 articles (2005/2006), in which when lecturing on "massive seeds",  she raised the extraordinary idea that it is possible to bypass the formation of a star forming instead  seeds  of massive black holes, of approximately 10,000 to 1 million times the mass of the sun, able to explain the emergence of quasars in very early times of our universe. 4) On the spiral forms of galaxies, Natarajan argues: “In the same way that when you pull the plug of the bathtub, the water forms a vortex, something similar happens in the early universe with the formation of gas discs, quickly positioning the gas siphon in the center". This direct collapse of "seeds of black holes" is part of a larger cosmic evolutionary history, subsequent to the generation of a population of black holes: how they form, evolve, turn into quasars, go out and shine until today. 5) The idea of ​​the direct collapse of supermassive black holes (quasars of early times of the universe, fed by supermassive black holes), is today, a leading theory in the formation of the early universe, consensuated by successive small pieces of evidence. To support the above, in a computer simulation, the Natarajan successfully programmed the direct collapse of black holes: populated the early universe and propagated the growth of these galaxies until today. 6) The noted Hindu scientist, hopes that the James Webb Space telescope to be launched in 2021, observe the space deeply and backward in time, paying attention to the formation of galaxies of the early universe, facts that will test the idea of early collapse of the Natarajan. The James Webb telescope is able to see images of dark matter more accurately. Premonitorily, the Natarajan affirms that if the new telescope identifies quasars in the first epochs of the universe, these will have to be black holes with direct collapse.

DESAFÍOS EN LAS   FRONTERAS   DE LA   CIENCIA y, COMO RESOLVERLOS.

1) Identificar problemas. Escoger el problema principal (el que explique al   resto de problemas). Elaborar una hipótesis y someterla a prueba. 2) Analizar los resultados, valorando las evidencias. 3) Nueva hipótesis, mejorada. Preguntas y repreguntas al máximo. Incorporación de aportes e ideas de otras áreas científicas. Nueva hipótesis y así, una y otra vez.  Veamos 2 casos:

I) Reconocido como un objeto interestelar (“Oumuamua”), por la International Astronomical Union, este ente descubierto en octubre del 2017, supuestamente natural, ha sido  puesto en entredicho por el astrónomo Abraham Loeb (Harvard University, Astronomy Deparment), dadas   las  características bastante bizarras de  este,  para ser un asteroide o un cometa de nuestro  sistema solar,  el mismo  que : a) al pasar   cerca de la tierra rotaba sobre si cada 8 horas b) que posee una brillantez que cambia por un factor de 10 c)  que es 5 veces más largo que  ancho d) que no emite mucho calor e) que es un buen reflector de la luz, pero mal conservador de ella f) que no absorbe  bien la luz g) del que no se conoce  mucho sobre su  superficie porque no se ha podido   tomarle una imagen cercana nítida h) que sigue un trayecto no gobernado por la gravedad del sol i) que no es influenciado por la gravedad del sol   j)  que exhibe una fuerza extra que lo impulsa. Un objeto con características desusuales y  con  datos limitados,  que ha obligado a  Loeb a  proponer  para este objeto  varias alternativas, en vez de aceptarlo exclusivamente como un ente natural,  dividiendo una vez más a una elite de   científicos mundiales: una minoría que arguye  que al poseer  características tan  desusuales, una posibilidad dentro de varias, es que  se trate de una  sonda extraterrestre lanzada por una civilización inteligente y,  otra representada por científicos de  mente no tan abierta que  aseguran que se trata de un objeto natural y nada más. Un entredicho en la misma frontera de la ciencia, cuyos argumentos como siempre nos retrotraen a Platón y a los dialecticos y cuya solución final una vez más será determinada por las evidencias. Un fenómeno como este con características tan desusuales puede ser cualquier cosa, hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario, claro. II) El otro caso corresponde al enigmático asunto de la materia y energía oscura y los agujeros negros, conformantes del 95% de nuestro universo visible, para los cuales la astrofísica teórica de la Universidad de Yale:  Priyamvada Natarajan, se ha propuesto   estudiarlos coherentemente, empleando diversos métodos incluyendo el mapeo de los mismos.  La idea teórica central de la astrofísica hindú es suponer que agujeros negros supermasivos son parte fundamental de la estructura, el área energética y la evolución de nuestro universo, en razón de estar   ubicados en el centro de las galaxias, determinando la forma y otras características de las galaxias.  Un tema bastante difícil de estudiar ubicado en la misma frontera de la ciencia. Como demostrar esta teoría si los fenómenos mencionados se caracterizan por su invisibilidad. Para afrontar este desafío, la Natarajan, arguye disponer de la estamina, la claridad mental y sobre todo saber lo que está haciendo ayudada por aproximaciones matemáticas bastante   necesarias en este caso. 1) Dice ella, que una de las primeras cosas por hacer es entender ¿porque toda la física actual colapsa cuando estamos cerca de un agujero negro?, auto respondiéndose que, para responder a esta pregunta, necesita mucho soporte matemático. 2) Arguye, asimismo, que existe cierta relación o entrelazamiento, entre la masa de las estrellas en la parte central de las galaxias y el área central de los agujeros negros que las hospedan, necesitando aquí aproximaciones de física teórica, para saber cómo   unir estructural y tempranamente los crecimientos de estos fenómenos, en forma simultánea. 3) Respecto al mapeo, la Natarajan arguye que el telescopio Hubble, ha proporcionado imágenes increíbles para mapear y analizar la materia oscura, ofreciendo imágenes indirectas de esta materia al estimar la extensión y curvatura de la luz emitida por diferentes galaxias lejanas. Agregando: “No todo depende de las imágenes del Hubble, mis mapas necesitan orientaciones matemáticas especialmente cuando se identifican grupos pequeños de materia oscura, correlacionados a la perfección con la materia oscura fría, de tipo no interactivo”. En imágenes tomadas por el telescopio Hubble de la galaxia en racimo: MACS0416 y de la misma imagen con distribución en azul superpuesta de la materia oscura, inferida a partir de la distorsión de la luz procedente de galaxias distantes (las de fondo), se observa como podrían haberse formado inicialmente agujeros negros supermasivos en el centro de las galaxias. La científica espera que con telescopios más grandes se logren identificar cuásares brillantes (centros galácticos luminosos), abastecidos por billones de masas solares y agujeros negros, cuando el universo tenía apenas un   10 % de su edad actual.  Parte de lo anterior es sustentado por la Natarajan en 2 artículos (2005/2006), en los que al disertar sobre “semillas masivas”, plantea la extraordinaria idea de que es posible  bypasear la formación de una estrella formando en su lugar  semillas de  agujeros negros masivos, de aproximadamente   10,000 a 1 millón de veces la masa del sol, capaces de explicar la emergencia de cuásares en épocas muy tempranas de nuestro universo. 4) Sobre las formas espirales de las galaxias, la Natarajan arguye:” Del mismo modo que cuando usted jala el tapón de la bañera, el agua forma un vórtice, algo similar sucede en el universo temprano con la formación de discos de gas, posicionándose rápidamente el sifón de gas en el centro”. Este   colapso directo de “semillas de agujeros negros” es parte de un historial evolutivo cósmico más grande, subsiguiente a la generación de una población de agujeros negros:  se forman, evolucionan, se tornan en cuásares, se apagan y brillan hasta hoy.  5) La idea del colapso directo de los agujeros negros supermasivos (cuásares de épocas tempranas del universo, alimentadas por agujeros negros supermasivos), es hoy, una teoría líder en la formación del universo temprano, consensuada por   sucesivos pequeños trozos de evidencia. Para sustentar lo anterior, en una simulación en computadora, la Natarajan programo el colapso directo de agujeros negros, pobló el universo temprano y propago el crecimiento de estas galaxias hasta hoy. 6)  La notable científica hindu, espera que el telescopio James Webb Space a ser lanzado el 2021, observe     el espacio profundamente y hacia atrás en el tiempo, prestando atención a la formación de galaxias del universo temprano, hechos que pondrán a prueba la idea del colapso   temprano de la Natarajan. El telescopio James Webb está capacitado para ver imágenes de la materia oscura con mayor precisión. Premonitoriamente, la Natarajan afirma que el nuevo telescopio identifica   cuásares en las primeras épocas del universo, estos tendrán que ser   agujeros negros con   colapso directo. 

Dark/energy matter, again

I highlight the up-to-date information collected by Richard Panek of NYT ("Out there".11/03/07), around the origins and functions of the dark matter/energy and the necessity of having an open mind to face the challenges of the new emergent physic. It is so important this topic that most of related scientists subscribe that the discovery of a great evidence, around the functions of the dark matter/energy would begin the last Copernican revolution. The point is that the dark energy/matter seems to commit the gravity and the 2 physics: general relativity and quantum physics. According to the last, the elementary particles can exist, disappear and exist again. If this way appeared our universe, why not other parallel ones?. Of another side, it is assumed that the dark matter would be constituted by non baryonic particles (axions and neutralinos) that would cross our bodies without we notice it. We know that the universe in which we live is constituted by 96% of dark energy/matter of which we know a little. Our knowledge of the remaining 4%, (organic and inorganic matter constituted by protons and neutrons, Big Bang, Big Crunch) nevertheless have advanced so much that George Smoot, Nobel Prize of Physics and the cosmologist Saúl Perlmutter (University of California/Berkeley), affirms that we know enough of the visible universe, but a little of the entirety of the Universe.

Axions and neutralines when being outside of the spectrum of the electromagnetic and electric field, would be imperceptible. With what would be clear that humans beings are not the center of the universe. Our structure hardly represents a small portion of the universal existent matter. “We are some irrelevant pollution” said, Lawrence M. Krauss, theoretical of the one Western Case Reserve. Everything suggests that our scarce knowledge of the dark matter/energy prevents us to integrate in an all only one to the quantum physics with the general relativity. The dark energy that expands our universe and opposes to the attraction exercised by the dark matter, would impede the dispersion and destruction of the spiral Milky Way, for example. Although it is difficult to study the dark matter, Perlmutter's works in the Supernova Cosmology Project, assured that measuring the brightness of the explosions of the supernovas would be possible to measure indirectly the constants of the dark energy. Of another side, some scientists hope to create some of the particles of the dark matter in the accelerator of particles : Large Hadron Collider of the European Center Nuclear for Research.

No somos el centro del universo.

Destaco la actualizada información del redactor cientifico Richard Panek del NYT, en torno a los origenes y funciones de la materia/energia oscura y la necesidad de disponer de una mente abierta para encarar los retos de la emergente nueva fisica. Es tan importante el tema, que la mayoria de cientificos relacionados suscriben que el descubrimiento de una gran evidencia, en torno a las funciones de la materia/energia oscura equivaldría a gestar la ultima revolucion copernicana. El punto es que la energia/materia oscura parece comprometer a la gravedad y a los 2 tipos de fisica : relatividad general y fisica cuántica. De acuerdo a esta última, las particulas pueden existir, desparecer y volver a existir. Si de este modo se gestó nuestro universo, porque tambien nó, otros paralelos?. De otro lado, se asume que la materia oscura estaria constituida por particulas no bariónicas (axiones y neutralinos), que atravesarian a diario nuestros cuerpos sin que lo notemos. Sabemos eso si, que el universo en el que vivimos, está constituido en un 96 % por energia/materia oscura de la que conocemos poco. Nuestro conocimiento del restante 4% (materia organica e inorganica constituidas por protones y neutrones, Big Bang, Big Crunch), no obstante han avanzado tanto que George Smoot Premio Nóbel de Fisica y el cosmólogo Saul Perlmutter (Universidad de California/Berkeley), afirman que a pesar que se conoce bastante del universo visible, se sabe muy poco de la totalidad del Universo.

Axiones y neutralinos al estar fuera del espectro del campo electromagnético y eléctrico, serian imperceptibles. Con lo que quedaria claro que los humanos no somos el centro del universo. Nuestra estructura representa apenas a una pequeña porcion de la materia universal existente. “Somos un poco de polución irrelevante”, dice Lawrence M. Krauss, teórico del Case Western Reserve. Todo sugiere que nuestro escaso conocimiento de la materia/energia oscura impide integrar en un todo único a la fisica cuántica con la teoria de la relatividad general (teoria unificada). La energia oscura que expande nuestro universo y se opone a la atracción ejercida por la materia oscura, impediria por ejemplo la dispersión y destrucción de la espiralada Via Lactea. Aunque es difícil estudiar la materia oscura, Perlmutter’s trabaja en el Supernova Cosmology Project, según el cual midiendo la brillantéz de las explosiones de las supernovas es posible medir indirectamente las constantes de la energia oscura. De otro lado, algunos cientificos esperan crear algunas de las particulas de la materia oscura en el acelerador de particulas Large Hadron Collider del European Center for Nuclear Research.