HOW TO CREATE A UNIVERSE

From quantamagazinehttps://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/

WHERE WE COME FROM?

"What will lead us to make great efforts to know our universe. Answer: Perhaps, with the growing knowledge that we have today, in the future, an advanced human civilization will create a new universe, either because we are fleeing from universal cataclysmic events, either because we want better designs, or because we want to be immortals. This saga  was initiated by  Lemaître and continued by Hawking and others......".

There are cosmology models, which could explain the origin of our universe and of living beings.1) BIG BANG THEORY. After solving the equations of Einstein, on the geometry of the universe, the catholic physicist Georges Lemaître, postulated that our universe was expanding; opinion backed by astronomers V.M. Slipher, C.W. Wirtz and E. Hubble after observing a redshift of light from spiral nebulae. Thanks to this finding, Lemaître, proposed in 1931 the hypothesis that the universe would have originated in the explosion (Big Bang) of a primeval atom: a dense, hot point, full of energy, continued by an expansion (cosmic inflation). An objection to this theory was made by Alan Guth, in 1980, who said that physicists would accept such a theory, if the expansion had been disordered, chaotic, instead of smooth and orderly with possibilities of being flat because of gravity. Additional objections: where did the energy come from to expand the universe? What was there before the Big Bang? 2) THEORY OF NO BOUNDARY PURPOSAL. In 1981, Stephen Hawking argued before the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Vatican that the early universe originated in a space-time without limits (no boundary proposal), blurry, with  form of a cap-off, similar to the south pole of the earth : a singularity without limits, without beginning or end, starting from a scratch, where time did not exist, as it was potentially contained in the singularity of the primal atom. Space and time would be born after the Big Bang. According to this theory, the concept of a principle of the universe has no meaning, because its origin was the emergence of a singularity in the pre-Big Bang space. This state of Hartle-Hawking, although without principle, is not necessarily a universe in a stationary state. In 1983, James Hartle, conceived the universe like a  badminton projectile (shuttlecock), with a bottom diameter equal to 0, widening gently and gradually in the opposite part. This conical  form, explained in an equation (wave function of the universe), covered  all the past and the future. According to Hawking, it made no sense to ask what was there before the Big Bang, because there was no notion of time to refer to. However, in 2014, Hartle (University of California), reconceptualized time: every moment in the universe would be a cross section of the conic area. Correlating the size of the universe in each cross section with other properties (entropy, which increases from the bottom to the feathers of the shuttlecock), would configure an emergent arrow of time. Another objection to Hartle, was that at the bottom of the shuttlecock, the correlations of time are not so reliable, because this cease, being replaced by pure space. At this point, Neil Turok (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada), commented that these ideas represented an initial quantum description of the cosmos. 2 years later, Turok and collaborators said that they would accept the viability of a universe without limits, only if it were curved outwards from a point without dimensions growing in a similar way to the actual universe. Hawking and Hartle argued that unlimited universes tend to be huge, smooth, flat and expansive. Turok and others, refuted Hartle and Hawking's with new math techniques that improved the predictions. In 1915, Einstein said that the concentrations of matter and energy distort the matter and energy of space and in 1960, Hawking and Penrose proved that when the space-time  is bent intensely, as happens inside a black hole or a Big Bang, these collapse infinitely curving towards a singularity, so, Einstein's equations stop working, being needed  a new quantum theory of gravity.  After being calculated the integral path of these collisions  was possible to obtain the wave function (probabilistic distribution of universe emergencies or possible states, after the collision of particles). Thanks to this, the wave function of the universe was described as the sum of all possible paths that a smooth expansion of a universe can take, starting from a point. it is the sum of many stories of universes with   different sizes, shapes and dimensions, with a high probability that one of them has a smooth, smooth, flat conformation. If we did not find one such as ours, the wave function of the universe built for a universe without limits would be an error.  At present, physicists know 2 possible dominant expansions of calculation, which the universe can have. After the start of the expansion from a scratch, these universes expand according to Einstein's theory of gravity and space-time. One of these 2 solutions resemble our universe, being at large scales: soft and speckled randomly with energy, due to quantum fluctuations during inflation. If this possible solution dominates the wave function, in experiments performed in minispaces, it will be possible to imagine that a more detailed and accurate version of the wave function without limits could serve as a viable cosmological model of the real universe. And, if the 2 dominant stories had locations on the map, this should be resolved at some point, because the trend is that we should adopt is only one way, rather than an integration of both. In this regard, in an article published in 2017, Turok, Feldbrugge and Lehners adopted an expansive cosmic path promoted by the second dominant solution,  adopting real, rather than imaginary values ​​for physics, to make sense. In experiments performed in minispaces, only the contours that capture a coherent history of expansion make sense. On the other hand, quantum mechanics requires normalizable probabilities, in which the highly fluctuable universe designed by Turok does not take place. In 1960 John Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt, argued that the wave function of the universe could not depend on time, because there was no external clock, to measure it and because the amount of energy in the universe tends to be zero forever. Always innovative and shortly before dying Hawking already used holography, treating space-time as a hologram, in which the total geometry of the represented past could predict the present. On the other hand, Turok, Latham Boyle and Kieran Finn, developed a cosmological model without limits, that instead of continuing with the badminton projectile (shuttlecock),  charts the  bottoms  of 2 united universes : cork to cork, with time fluctuating in 2 directions, matter and antimatter, right and left, forward and backward in time, with the objection that  mirror images of the universe, unite in a singularity that requires a depth understanding of the unknown quantum theory of gravity. 3) THEORY OF THE CYCLIC UNIVERSE. Sustained in 1980, by Vilekin and Linde, based on a theoretical rebirth of the tunnel propossing, to understand how the universe would have been formed from nothing. It conceives the birth of the universe as a tunnel-like quantum mechanical event, similar to when a particle emerges beyond a barrier in a quantum experiment, favoring empty universes, being large amounts of matter and energy necessary to be viable. Its advantage is that the proposed tunnel favors the emergence of multiple universes, full of energy and matter like ours.

SINGULATIES OF BLACK HOLES

BEFORE THE SINGULARITY, THE TIME EXISTED

When Georges Lemaitre observed 87 years ago, the displacement of light from distant galaxies, he understood that the universe was expanding, inducing him to postulate the theory of the cosmic egg (Big Bang), reinforced later by additional arguments of Gamow, Hubble, Penzias, etc., who said   that some 13.8 billion years ago, the initial universe was a state of infinite density (singularity) and the temperature was extremely high.  Soon after, the space-time expanded continuously, until today. When in September 2015, thanks to the Ligo experiment, the first direct observation of gravitational waves was made, which reinforced the concept of singularity, the Big Bang almost ceased to be a theory, leaving only to be explained what there was before the occurrence of this phenomenon. With what is currently known about black holes (the other side of the Big Bang, according to us), there are convergences between the Big Bang and black holes: both have singularities from which do not escape the light, nor the time. Thus, when we ask what happens with the singularity that results from the merger of multiple black holes in our universe, one option, depending on the greater or lesser amount of accumulated information, is that a gigantic black hole could originate a similar or a different new universe and so on, cyclically. It is known that when  two medium size black holes collide form  one of larger size. A small black hole could eventually originate a wormhole. Although well-informed scientists (S.Hawking),  argue that black holes lose information because of  inherently outward radiation, Hawking himself seems to contradict himself when, together with Penrose, claimed that quantum processes within singularities  are  incomplete and that they may need other types of mathematical equations. If the possibility of forming new universes from singularities formed in black holes would exist, the answer to an initial question would be that time existed before the Big Bang, provided by the preceding universe. In this regard, Tim Koslowski, Flavio Mercati and David (Physics Letters B), have reinterpreted the model of physical changes in singularities, when considering separately the proper  space-time from  the matter that it contains, replacing the singularity with a  Janus Point :  relative scales of the material that makes up the universe are crushed to set a 2D plane, as time is rewound. After that, the 2D plane (Janus point) recovers its 3D, although in the opposite direction, reaching deep implications in the symmetry of the physics of the possible particles, obtaining a universe based essentially on antimatter.

ANTES DE LA SINGULARIDAD, EXISTIÓ EL TIEMPO

Cuando   Georges Lemaitre observo hace 87 años, el desplazamiento de la luz procedente de  galaxias distantes, comprendido   que el universo se estaba expandiendo, induciéndolo  a postular  la teoría del huevo cósmico (Big Bang), reforzada más tarde  por  argumentos adicionales de Gamow, Hubble, Penzias,etc., quienes aportarían que hace unos 13 800  millones de años, el universo inicial era un estado de  densidad infinita (singularidad) y temperatura extremadamente altas, para poco después, expandirse en el tiempo-espacio en forma continua, hasta hoy.  Cuando en septiembre del 2015, merced al experimento Ligo, se realizó la primera observación directa de ondas gravitacionales, que reforzaron el   concepto de singularidad, el Big Bang casi dejo de ser una teoría, quedando solo por explicar que hubo antes de la ocurrencia de este fenómeno. Con lo que se sabe actualmente de los agujeros negros (la otra cara del Big Bang, según nosotros), se observan convergencias entre el Big Bang y los agujeros negros: ambos poseen en mayor o menor grado singularidades, de las que no escapan la luz, ni el tiempo. Así, cuando nos preguntamos que pasara con la singularidad que resulte de la fusión de múltiples agujeros negros en nuestro universo, una opción, dependiendo de la mayor o menor cantidad de información acumulada, es que   un gigantesco agujero negro origine un universo nuevo semejante o diferente al nuestro y así sucesiva y cíclicamente. Es conocido que agujeros negros de tamaño mediano colisionan formando uno de mayor tamaño.  Un agujero pequeño podría originar eventualmente, un agujero de gusano. Aunque científicos bien informados (S.Hawking), arguyen que los agujeros negros pierden información a causa de una radiación hacia afuera inherente a estos monstruos, el mismo Hawking parece contradecirse cuando junto con Penrose,  afirmaron  que los procesos cuánticos al interior de las singularidades al ser incompletas, podrían necesitar de otro tipo de ecuaciones matemáticas. Si la posibilidad de formar nuevos universos a partir de singularidades formadas en agujeros negros existiese, la respuesta a una pregunta inicial sería que el   tiempo existió antes del Big Bang, proveído por el universo precedente.  Al respecto, Tim Koslowski, Flavio Mercati y David (Physics Letters B), han reinterpretado el modelo de cambios físicos en singularidades, al considerar de manera separada al espacio-tiempo propiamente dicho, de la materia que contiene, remplazando la singularidad por el Punto de Jano: las escalas relativas del material que constituye el universo son aplastadas hasta configurar un plano de 2D,  a medida que se  rebobina el tiempo. Tras ello, el plano de 2D (punto de Jano), recupera sus 3D, aunque en sentido inverso, alcanzándose profundas implicaciones en la simetría de la física de las partículas posibles, obteniéndose un universo basado esencialmente de antimateria.

BABY BLACK HOLE

From quantamagazine

From la Tercera Chile

BABIES, SUPERMASIVES BLACK HOLES

Until recently it was thought that a black hole would only reach gigantic dimensions if it were able to swallow many galaxies and stars with enough mass in order to expand. Consequently, it is difficult to suppose the existence of supermassive black holes in the childhood (first 200-600 years), of our universe. However,  reality is different from many theories. The astronomer Eduardo Bañados (Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science and the Department of Astrophysical Sciences of Princeton), with images taken from the Las Campanas Observatory (La Serena/Chile), has discovered a quasar (J1342 + 0928), an unmistakable mark of a supermassive black hole, engulfing gas, barely 690 million years old, after the Big Bang (5% of the current universe's age). A black hole with a mass of 8 × 108M⊙ (800 million times, the mass of the sun), in a universe with a change to red z: 7.54, significantly neutral, in   reionization time (xHI> 0.33 (xHI> 0.11).  Period, in which our universe  barely came out of the dark phase and contained vast clouds of fog. Some scientists believe that these supermassive black holes were created by sudden growth (spur), defying Eddington's law (self-limitation of hole growth) According to another Chilean astronomer, Leopoldo Infante (Director of the Observatory: Las Campanas), there must have been a very rapid process that gathered a lot of mass in a special place in the universe, forming the quasar. Other scientists believe that by simply engulfing the collapsed clouds of this early universe, there would have been the growth of these supermassive black holes, in a time full of chaotic skirmishes between protons and naked electrons forming  neutral atoms of H, which absorbed bright UV light from the first stars. And, although we know that the reionization was completed 1 billion years after the Big Bang, the mass around this new quasar is half neutral, half ionized. As if that were not enough, Bolaños believes that there are other early supergiant black holes in the northern part of the universe. In this regard, a geometry specialist could predict the pillared areas (those that would support the greatest weight), during the accelerated formation of domes, being able to infer from there, the special parts of a universe in formation, that required more energy. Be that as it may, this discovery reinforces the theory that the function of black holes is to swallow redundant material to maintain a plan for the creation of the universe (fine tuning), even an order to create organic life.

AGUJEROS NEGROS BEBES, SUPERMASIVOS

Hasta hace poco se pensaba que un agujero negro solo alcanzaría dimensiones gigantescas si fuese capaz de engullir muchas galaxias y estrellas con suficiente masa a fin de   expandirse. En consecuencia, es difícil suponer la existencia de agujeros negros supermasivos en la infancia (primeros 200-600 años), de nuestro universo. Como siempre, la realidad es distinta a muchas teorías. El astrónomo Eduardo Bañados (Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science and the Department of Astrophysical Sciences of Princeton), con imágenes tomadas del Observatorio Las Campanas (La Serena/Chile), ha descubierto un quásar (J1342+0928), marca inconfundible de un agujero negro  supermasivo, engullendo gas,   de  apenas 690 millones  de años, después del Big Bang (5% de la edad del universo actual).  Un agujero con una masa de 8 × 10⁸M_⊙ (800 millones de veces, la masa del sol),  en un universo con un cambio al rojo z: 7.54,   significativamente neutral, en época de reionizacion (x_HI > 0.33 (x_HI > 0.11). Periodo, en la que nuestro universo salía de la fase de oscuridad y contenía extensas nubes de niebla. Algunos   científicos creen que estos agujeros negros supermasivos se crearon por crecimiento súbito (spur), desafiando la ley de Eddington (autolimitación del crecimiento del agujero). Según otro astrónomo chileno Leopoldo Infante (director del Observatorio: Las Campanas), debió haber existido un proceso muy rápido que reunió mucha masa en un lugar especial del universo, formando el quásar.  Otros científicos opinan que con solo engullir las nubes colapsadas de este universo temprano, se habría producido   el crecimiento de estos agujeros negros bebes supermasivos, en una época plena de caóticas escaramuzas entre  protones y electrones desnudos   formando  átomos neutrales de H, que absorbieron   luz UV brillante de las primeras estrellas.  Y, aunque sabemos que la reionizacion se completó 1 billón de años después del Big Bing, la masa alrededor de este nuevo quásar es mitad neutral, mitad   ionizada. Por si fuera poco, Bolaños cree que existen otros agujeros supergigantes tempranos en la parte norte del universo. Al respecto un especialista en geometría podría predecir las áreas pilares (las que soportarían el mayor peso), durante la formación acelerada de domos, pudiéndose inferir a partir de ahí, las partes especiales de un universo en formación. Sea lo que sea, este descubrimiento, refuerza la teoría de que la función de los agujeros negros es tragarse el material redundante para mantener un plan de creación del universo (fine tuning), incluso un orden para crear vida orgánica. 

COLD SPOT

SKY  COLD  SPOT

What does mean the  discovery of  huge circular space areas almost empty (hypodense) and  very cold in the  stellar space, like images recently identified by the Hawaii's Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) telescope and the Nasa satellite's Wide Field Survey Explorer (WISE), correlated with thermal data of the cosmic background radiation obtained by the Planck satellite, while astronomers counted  the number of galaxies present in the constellation of Eridanus (southern galactic hemisphere : 1.8 billion light years ?. According to István Szapudi (Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa), the finding was theorized due to a missing of some 10,000 galaxies in an extremely cold area (Cold Spot). I) For Roberto Trotta (Imperial College London), the Cold Spot or Cold Spots, due its existence to the accelerated expansion of the universe which caused slowing of light photons when these cross the cold empty. In accelerated expansions everything becomes less dense as the expansion progresses. In these cases, the light entering hypodense areas loses almost all its energy, getting larger wavelengths corresponding to colder temperatures. II) This finding almost confirms the existence of a void pre-existent to the big bang through which is currently expanding our universe, suggesting in turn that our universe is limited. Being the vacuum (continent), larger than our universe, there is a possibility that it can contain other systems or parallel universes (contents), collapsing or expanding.

SUPERVACIOS   ESPACIALES

¿Qué   significado tiene descubrir   gigantescas áreas espaciales circulares casi vacías (hipodensas), muy  frías, del  espacio estelar, como las imágenes  identificadas recientemente por el telescopio Hawaii’s Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) y el satellite Nasa’s Wide Field Survey Explorer (WISE), correlacionadas con los datos térmicos de  la radiación cósmica de fondo obtenidos por el satélite Planck,   mientras astrónomos  contaban el numero de galaxias presentes  en la   constelación de Erídano (Hemisferio galáctico sur : 1,8 billones de años luz?. Según István Szapudi (Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa), el hallazgo fue teorizado  ante el  faltante  de unas 10 000 galaxias en un área extremadamente fría (Cold Spot). I) Para  Roberto Trotta (Imperial College London), el Cold Spot o Cold Spots, deben su existencia a la expansión acelerada del   universo promotora del  enlentecimiento de  fotones de luz al cruzar  fríos vacíos.  En  expansiones aceleradas todo se vuelve menos denso a medida que avanza la expansión. En estos casos, la luz que ingresa a espacios hipodensos pierde casi toda su energía quedando con longitudes de onda más grandes,  correspondientes  a temperaturas mas frías. II) Tal  hallazgo ratifica  la existencia de un vació pre-existente al big bang por el que se expande actualmente nuestro universo, sugerente a su vez de que  nuestro universo  es limitado. Siendo el  vacío (continente),  más extenso que nuestro  universo,  existe la posibilidad de que pueda contener   a otros sistemas o  universos paralelos (contenidos), en colapso o, en    expansión. 

Big Bang and simmetry

E8,Lie Group.

An adequate comprehension of physic’s symmetry, is fundamental to understand the origin of the universe and our organic presence, constituted basically by protons and neutrons. Until 1956 it was accepted that physical’s laws had 3 independent simmetries: C, P and T (Symmetry C = physical’s laws, equal for particles and antiparticles. Sim. P = physical’s laws, equal for any situation and its mirror image. Sim. T = if the direccion of the movement of particles and antiparticles (time for example), is inverted the system is again equal). Today are not accepted independent symmetries but the combined action of the 3: CPT, existing a theorem according to which the universe would have to be behaved equal if were replaced its particles by antiparticles, its image was like the seen in a mirror and be inverted the direction of the time: J.W. Cronin and Val Fitch, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yan). Few nanoseconds after the Big Bang existed supposedly equal quantities of quarks and antiquarks. Then, our presence here is alone understood in the supposedly fact that for some reason were an excess quarks over antiquarks, constituting the organic matter of what we are done

To the achievement of a better comprehension of the previous thing helped the recent elaboration of symmetric structures like E8. Sophus Lie a Norwegian mathematician believe that a series of symmetric groups gifted of continuous transformations (few or many changes, after rotating a sphere to any distance around its axis, for example), without at the end be produced an apparent change in the object. One of such structures of perfect symmetry is the E8 that describes the simmetry of a 57-dimensional object capable to be rotated in 248 forms without changes in its appearance. Its elaboration demanded 4 years, 77 hours and the analisis of 200 trillion entrances. Physics and mathematicians agree in that this structure correctly interpreted will help to understand the origin of our universe, the structure of atoms, certain particularities of the quantum physics and relativity, enabling the creation of a unified physics (integrating to the gravity), says Jeffrey D. Adams, professor of mathematics from the the University of Maryland chief of the project. Acording to Robert L. Bryant, in the meantime the multidimensional E8, will give support to the theory of superstrings

Simetria y Big Bang.

Una adecuada comprensión de la simetría fisica, es fundamental para comprender el origen del universo y nuestra presencia orgánica, constituida básicamente por protones y neutrones. Hasta 1956 se asumia que las leyes de la fisica poseian 3 simetrias independientes : C, P y T (simetría C =leyes fisicas, iguales para particulas y antipartículas. Sim. P=leyes fisicas iguales para una situación cualquiera y su imagen especular. Sim. T=si se invierte la direccion del movimiento (tiempo), de particulas y antiparticulas el sistema vuelve a ser igual). Hoy no se aceptan simetrías independientes sino la accion combinada :CPT, existiendo un teorema según el cual el universo tendria que comportarse igual si se reemplazaran sus particulas por antiparticulas, se adoptara su imagen especular y se invirtiera la dirección del tiempo: J.W. Cronin y Val Fitch, Tsung Dao Lee y Chen Ning Yan). Pocos nanosegundos después del Big Bang existian supuestamente cantidades iguales de quarks y antiquarks. Entonces, nuestra presencia aquí solo se entiende en el supuesto de que a poco de ocurrido el Big Bang, predominaron por alguna razón mas quarks que antiquarks, constituyendo la materia organica de que estamos hecho.

Al logro de una mejor comprensión de lo anterior ayudará la reciente elaboración de estructuras simétricas (E8). Sophus Lie un matemático noruego creó una serie de grupos simétricos dotados de transformaciones continuas (pocos o muchos cambios, tras rotar una esfera a cualquier distancia alrededor de su eje, por ejemplo), sin que se produzca al final un cambio aparente en el objeto. Uno de tales estructuras de simetría perfecta es el E8 que describe la simetria de un objeto de 57 dimensiones, capáz de ser rotado en 248 formas sin cambios en su apariencia. Su elaboración ha demandado 4 años, 77 horas y el análisis de 200 billones de entradas. Fisicos y maematicos concuerdan en que esta estructura correctamente interpretada ayudará a comprender el origen de nuestro universo, la estructura intima de los atomos, ciertas particularidades de la fisica cuántica y la relatividad, posibilitando la creación de una fisica unificada (integrando a la gravedad), dice Jeffrey D. Adams, professor de mathematicas del la Universidad de Maryland jefe del proyecto. Segun Robert L. Bryant, en tanto multidimensional, el E8, ayudará a desentrañar la teoria de las supercuerdas.